(4) ????? OHP? ? ???? ? ??? ???.

1
??? ??? ????
2

• ?? ??
• ?? ?? ??
• ?? ?? ????? ?????
• (???? ?? ????? ?? !!!)
• ??? ??

3
?? ?? ?? - ???? ?? ?? ??
(1) ??? 3? ??? ??.
(2) ???? ????? ????.
(3) ??? ??? ?? ?? ??.
(4) ????? OHP? ? ???? ? ??? ???.
4
?? ?? ?? - ?? ??? ??? ?
1. You should adhere to the allocated time and
plan your talk accordingly by allowing
approximately 100 words per minute, less 25 words
for each slide. ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ????,
1?? ?? 100 ??? ???? ???, ???? ? 25 ?? ??? ?? ???
??.
2. Rehearse your talk before a constructive
critic. Plan to present it from notes and not by
reading a manuscript. ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???
?? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????
??? ???.
5
?? ?? ?? - ?? ??? ??? ?
3. Confine yourself to a few salient points of
the work, with a brief introduction. Concentrate
on the results and your interpretation. Omit
details of apparatus and technique unless this is
the subject of the paper. ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ?
???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?? ????
????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ????.
4. Present only key mathematical formulae,
defining orally the symbols. Do not include too
much data on the slide. You should be able to
read all the data with the slide at arm's
length. ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ????. ??????
???? ?? ?? ?? ???. ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ?
??? ??? ??? ????.
6
?? - ?? ?? ????? ?????
1. ???? 2. ??? ??? ?? 3. ???? ???? 4. ???? ??
?? 5. ????? OHP? ?? 6. ???? ?? ?? 7. ???? ?? 8.
?? ?? ??? ?? 9. ??? ??
10. ??? ?? 11. ??? ?? 12. ??? ?? 13. ??? ?? 14.
??? ?? 15. ??? ?? 16. ?? ?? 17. ?????
7
1. ????3 1 ?????
Thank you.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you very much,
Professor Smith. Thank you very much indeed, Dr.
Smith. Thank you for introducing me, John. I'd
like to say thank you for your generous
introduction, Dr. Smith.
8
1. ????3 2 ????? ?? 1
I am glad to I am happy to I am pleased to
I am delighted to I am privileged to
I am very glad to be here. I am happy to be here
on this special occasion. I am honored to be
asked to give a talk to you. I am privileged to
be allowed to speak about my present research. I
am delighted to be invited. I am very pleased to
be present at this pleasant meeting.
9
1. ????3 3 ????? ?? 2
It's an honor to It's a pleasure to It's a
privilege to
It's my great privilege to be allowed to make a
speech. It's my great pleasure to give a talk to
you. It's a great honor to have the opportunity
of giving a a lecture to you.
10
2. ??? ??? ??? ???3 1 ?? 1
It's my purpose to It's my intention to
It's my purpose to summarize the general problems
of high-resolution laser spectroscopic
techniques. It's my intention to describe some
of the aspects of magnetic effects
in superconductivity.
11
2. ??? ??? ??? ???3 2 ?? 2

My point is to My topic will deal with My
purpose is to My discussion on is to
My point is to make a comment on recent
development of isotope separations. My topic
will deal with new effects we have observed in
quantum physics. My purpose is to present an
overview of computer-aided-instruction (CAI) in
junior high schools. My discussion on computer
science is to try to illustrate a new
programming language.
12

2. ??? ??? ??? ???3 3 ?? 3
I'll be speaking about I'd like to talk to
you about I'm going to give a talk on I'd
like to present I'd like to review
I'd like to cover I'd like
to focus on
I'll be speaking about the techniques of laser
spectroscopy in which the Doppler effect is
eliminated. Im going to give a talk on several
important mechanisms of white light laser. I'd
like to talk to you about the application of
excimer laser to medical treatment. I'd like to
present recent development of atomic clocks and
frequency standards. I'd like to review serious
aspects of recent nuclear accidents.
13
3. ???? ????2 1 ??? ???
begin with start with begin by ing start
by ing
Well then, what is an elementary particle? Let's
begin with that. To begin with, I'd like to
deliberate a problem of left-drive syndrome. I'd
like to start with a discussion of
capital-intensity which the Japanese chemical
industry is increasing. Let me begin by
explaining what I meant by the BTRON
project. First of all, I think that it would be
better to start out by making several comments
on the present business environment.
14
3. ???? ????2 2 ?? ??? ??
Let me remind you about I want to remind you
about I'd like to remind you about
Let me remind you about the techniques of
non-linear spectroscopy. I want to remind you how
small an atom is. I'd like to remind you about
the phenomena of superconductivity.
15
4. ???? ?? ????3 1 ???? ?
make some comments on make two remarks about
make an observation on make three points
with respect to
I'd like to make some comments on the recent
policy of tax reform. Let me make two remarks
about envrionmental preservation industry which
has been neglected recently. I want to make
three points with respect to low capital
investment caused by slow business.
16
4. ???? ?? ????3 2 ??? ???
First, The first remark is that First of
all, The first comment is related to In the
first place, The first point is connected with
The first remark is that it's possible to solve
the problem by using a heuristic search. The
first point I'd like make about information
theory is that we developed a new method of
encryption. The first point is concerned with
the improvement of numerically controlled
machine tools. The first comment is related to
the recent achievement of machine translation
systems.
17
4. ???? ?? ????3 3 ?? ???
turn to shift to the topic of move on to
switch to talking about
Let's turn to several problems of cognitive
science. To turn now to the next point, I'd like
to discuss how the plasma display works. I'll
then move on to why computer crimes have
increased recently in Japan. I'd like to shift
to the subject of the SIGMA project which is
carried out by the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry. I'll now switch to talking
about the inverted Polish notation which has not
been so popular in Japan.
18
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 1 ????? ???? ???
Slide, please. Next, please. May I have the
first slide, please? Let's look at the next
slide. Slide off, please.
First (Second, Next, Last) slide, please. Let's
look at the next slide, just to prove the
algorithm. Could you have the slide off,
please? Could you have the first slide,
please? I wonder if I could have the next slide.
19
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 2 ????? ?? ?? ??
Lights out, please. Dim the lights,
please. Focus, please. Adjust it,
please. Move the slide, please. Go back,
please. Skip this slide, please. No, leave the
slide on, please. Lights on, please.
20
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 2 ????? ?? ?? ??
Could I have the lights out, please? Would you
move the slide up to show you this figure more
clearly? Can I go back theree slides,
please? Id like to skip this slide. Thank
you. No, could you leave this slide on,
please? Could you dim the lights just a little,
please? I wonder if you could focus that a
little bit. The slide is reversed. Would you
mind adjusting it? The slide is upside-down.
Would you mind adjusting it? Now we could have
the lights on.
21
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 3 ????? ?? ?? 1
shows demonstrates illustrates
answers classifies This
slide displays indicates points out
represents sketches summarizes
22
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 3 ????? ?? ?? 1
This slide shows the third generation robot that
has been developed by using robot language. This
shows an example of swarm earthquakes. This
picture demonstrates the supernova that was
discovered in Large Magellanic Cloud two years
ago. Now, this slide illustrates a couple of
points that we could not neglect. The
transparency illustrates Cosmopia Concept that
consists of four systems such as satellite,
space environment, space transportation and
space colony. The next transparency will answer
several problems in automation. This slide
sketches the difference between two wheel
steering and four wheel steering.
23
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 4 ????? ?? ?? 2
As you see, You see that, We have
here. As demonstrated here, I'd like to show
you,
24
5. ????? OHP? ???? ??4 4 ????? ?? ?? 2
As you can see from this picture, Integrated
Circuits are divided into bipolar IC and
unipolar IC. You see it very complicated. You
see here how long-range forecast comes out. Then
you can see that we have a curve that shows the
enormous growth of world population. Here we
have a picture of the laser fusion reactor that
has been developed recently. I'd like to show
you again the transparency illustrating the
superconducting electromagnetic thrust system
of linear motor car.
25
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 1 ??? ??
340 three hundred (and) forty 2,420 two
thousand four hundred (and) twenty 42.01 forty-t
wo point oh one 0.21 oh point two one 1/2 a
half 1/3 a third 2 2/7 two and two
sevenths 3/4 three quarters 3 4 5 three to
four to five 53 fifty-three percent 4
6 four to six 0.3333 nought point three
recurring
26
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 2 ???? ??
5 6 five plus six 12 - 4 twelve minus
four 3 ? 4 three times four three multiplied
by four three fours 5 ? 3 five divided by
three 32 three squared 33 three
cubed 34 three to the power four three to
the fourth power three to the fourth three
to the four
27
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 2 ???? ??
v3 the square root of three square root
three, root three 3vx6 the cube root of x to the
power of six nvxm the n-th root of x to the
power of m sin x sine x cos x cosine x tan
x tangent x log102 log to the base ten of two,
or log two to the base ten log e3 log to the
base e of three, or log three the the base e,
natural log (of) three
28
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 3 ??? ?? ??
2 3 5 Two plus three equals five. Two
plus three is equal to five. 3x - 2y 8 Three
x minus two y equals eight. x(x - 2) x, x minus
two x2 x -1 0 x squared plus x minus one
equals oh. ax2 bx c 0 a x squared plus b x
plus c equals zero. vx3 x 3/2 The square root
of x cubed equals x to the power of three
halves.
29
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 3 ??? ?? ??
x gt y x is greater than y. x is more than
y. x ? y x is greater than y or equal to y. x
2 gt 0 x plus two is greater than zero. x
plus two is more than zero. y lt z y is less
than z. y is smaller than z. x ? y x is
less than y or equal to y. x - 2 lt 4 x minus two
is less than four. x minus two is smaller than
four. 0 lt x lt 2 Zero is less than x which is
less than two. 0 ? x ? 2 Zero is less than or
equal to x which is less than or equal to two.
30
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 4 ??? ???? ??
If then . ing we have (obtain) .
ing gives .
If f(a) 0, then (x - a) is a factor of
f(x). Integrating with respect to x, we obtain
x2/2 c. Rearranging equation (1) gives x2 1
2ax.
31
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 5 ??? ?? ?? ??
stand at exactly stay at approximately total
nearly come (up) to roughly get on
for just under just over well
over more or less
32
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 5 ??? ?? ?? ??
The figure stood at ten million in 1988. The
figure was getting on for ten million in
1988. The figure came to ten million in
1988. The figure came to over ten million in
1988. In 1988 the figure for oil production
totalled ten million. exactly The
figure was approximately ten million in 1988.
nearly more or less
just over The figure stood at just under ten
million in 1988. well over
33
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 6 ??? ?? ??
3 m three meters 10 cm ten centimeters 5
mm five millimeters 60 km sixty kilometers 4
µm four micrometers 3.3 m2 three point three
square meters three point three meters
squared 10 m3 ten cubic meters ten meters
cubed 50 km/h fifty kilometers per hour
34
6. ???? ??? ?? ??7 7 ??? ??
That box is 1 m high. That box has a height of 1
m. The height of that box is 1 m. The piece is
12 cm long. It has a length of 12 cm. The
length of the piece is 12 cm. The circle has a
radius of 2 cm. It has a circumference of 4?
cm. It has an area of 4? cm2 The diameter of
this circle is 4 cm.
35
7. ???? ???6 1 ?? ? ?? 1
???? ???? ??? rise fall
vary increase decrease
change ascend decend alter
jump drop go up go
down decline
slightly steadily substantially considerably sharp
ly rapidly dramatically fractionally marginally so
mewhat
36
7. ???? ???6 1 ?? ? ?? 1
The pressure rose dramatically during the
experiment. The volume of water decreases
slightly when cooled. The figure fell by ten
percent. The force acts on a body in the
direction of increasing the distance. Unlike
conductors, the resistance of a semiconductor
decreases with an increase in temperature. Cataly
sts alter the rate of a reaction without
undergoing permanent chemical change. Although
the positive charge of the nucleus rises, the
outer electrons become less strongly held due to
the increased screening of the nuclear charge by
inner electron shells. The bond strength
increases with increasing number of electrons in
van der Waals forces. The atomic radius
increases down the group of the alkali earth
atoms and consequently the ionization energies
decrease.
37
7. ???? ???6 2 ?? ? ?? 2
a rise an increase a jump a
decline There is a drop in / to / of . a
decrease a growth a performance a
situation
slight steady gradual substantial considerable dra
matic sudden stable fluctuating
38
7. ???? ???6 2 ?? ? ?? 2
There was a slight increase in pressure. There
was a considerable decrease to 80 V in
voltage. There was a fluctuating performance in
resistance. There was a steady fall of 10?C in
temperature. There will be a dramatic rise in
the world population.
39
7. ???? ???6 3 ???? ??
remain stable level out (or off) fluctuate reac
h a peak
after that afterwards subsequently
The speed remained stable at 60 km/h. The speed
leveled off in twenty minutes. The speed
fluctuated in one hour. The speed reached a peak
of 300 km/h in two hours. The world electricity
production leveled off in 1970 but reached a
peak of 100 TWh in 1980.
40
(No Transcript)
41
7. ???? ???6 4 ??? ??
rise from to fall from to vary from
to range from to change from to
The resistance rose from 10 kO to 12 kO. The
capacitance fell from 12 µF to 10 µF. The
diameter of atoms varies from 110-10 to 510-10
m. Wavelengths of visible spectrum range from 700
nanometers at the red end to 400 nanometers at
the violet end. In changing from one musical
note to another an octave above, the frequency
is doubled.
42
7. ???? ???6 5 ??? ??
vary with increase with decrease with
43
7. ???? ???6 5 ??? ??
The force of ionic bonds varies as 1/x2 The
solubility product is the ionic product of the
dissolved ions and will vary with
temperature. Molar conductivity increases with
increasing dilution. A B ? C / D A varies
directly as B. A varies inversely as D. A
varies jointly as B and C. The magnetic axis is
slowly rotating about the geomagnetic axis once
every 1000 years, and thus both the angles of
declination and dip vary with time. Electron
shell is capable of containing a definite number
of electrons, the number increasing as the
distance from nucleus increases.
44
7. ???? ???6 6 ??
tend to be inclined to be disposed to be
the tendency of show the tendency of There is
a tendency for to The tendency of is to
45
7. ???? ???6 6 ??
Orogenic movements tend to be more intensive than
epeirogenic movements. Resistance is the
tendency of a material to resist the passage of
an electric circuit. The inert (noble) gases
show very little tendency to react in any
way. Force causes or tends to cause acceleration
and it can be calculated from Newton's second
law. The nuclear charges tend to repel each
other but an exact description of the repulsive
force is complex. Metallic bonds occur because
of the tendency for metals to lose their loosely
bound outer electrons to an electron gas within
the lattice.
46
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 1 ?????? ?? 1
result in lead to bring about ??
give rise to ?? cause make be the
cause of
47
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 1 ?????? ?? 1
Heat causes the metal to expand. The presence of
nickel brings about an increase in strennth. The
temperature of the plate decreases, thereby
causing it to contract. Heat made the metal
melt. Evaporation leads to a drop in
temperature. Robots will give rise to a lot of
unemployment.
48
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 2 ????? ??
result from arise from stem from be
brought about by ?? be produce by
?? be caused by be due to be the result
of be the effect of
49
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 2 ????? ??
The gravitational force results from the mutual
attraction between the body's mass and the mass
of the earth. Infrared radiation is produced by
hot bodies. Young's fringes are due to
interference between two rays. The accident was
the result of his carelessness. Sound is the
effect of the vibration of bodies. Ionic bonds
arise from the spontaneous formation of
ions. Van der Waals bonds stem from momentary
asymmetrical distributions of electrons around
a nucleus. Brownian motion is brought about by
bombardment of the molecules. The heat is caused
by friction in moving parts.
50
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 3 ?????? ?? 2
As a result of In consequence of ??,
?? Consequent upon
As a result of increased pressure , the
refrigerant condenses. Consequent upon the defeat
of the government, there will be a general
election. As a result of cold weather, the metal
contracts. In consequence of hot temperature,
the vapor expanded.
51
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 4 ?????? ?? 3
with the result that ?? and as a result
?? so that
The spring expands with the result that the valve
is opened. The heater is turned off and as a
result the temperature will decrease. In a
bimetal strip, the intermediate plate contracts
with the result that the invar strip is pulled
inwards. The burning match is strongly shaken
and as a result the flame will be extinguished.
52
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 5 ?????? ?? 4
Therefore, Consequently, ??. As a
result, ??. As a consequence, Hence,
Thus,
53
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 5 ?????? ?? 4
Water is heated to the boiling point. Therefore,
it will change into vapor. She did not explain
it clearly. Consequently, he could not
understand. a-particles contain two protons and
two neutrons. As a result, they have a double
positive electron charge. In a photoelectric
experiment, the number of photons per second will
decrease as the intensity of the light
decreases. Hence, the current will be found to
decrease. The energy equivalent of an electron
is 0.5 MeV. Thus, the increase in mass is
undetectable for energies on a macroscopic scale.
54
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 6 ????? ??
because of ?? on account of
?? owing to due to
Metallic bonds occur because of the tendency for
metals to lose their loosely bound outer
electrons to an electron gas within the
lattice. In a photograph, an image is formed
owing to all types of radiation. The gas is
ionized on account of the radiation. Due to high
temperature, the metal melted.
55
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 7 ????? ?? 1
Because Since ??, ??. As
Since plants contain chlorophyll, they look
green. The circuit is called a coupling circuit,
because the output is a faith copy of the
input. As air is denser than hydrogen, hydrogen
balloons rise into air.
56
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 8 ????? ?? 2
so ??, therefore ??. hence
Copper conducts electricity well, hence it is
used for electric wire. Friction produces heat,
so matches ignite when rubbed. You can see
through the glass, therefore it is used for
windows.
57
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 9 ??
effect affect influence have an effect on
The effect of is to .
58
8. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??9 9 ??
The pH of the solution effects the color of
indicators. Light greatly affects free radical
reactions. Ammeters should ideally not affect
the current which they are testing. If the rate
of a chemical reaction is affected by light, it
is called a photosensitive reaction. When a
chemical reaction takes place, only the electrons
are involved and the nuclei of atoms are not
influenced during the formation of a
compound. Inert electrodes, e.g. platinum and
carbon, have no effect on the choice of ion for
discharge. The ingredients of vegetable have the
opposite effect on the chromosomes. The effect
of the crack is to concentrate stress at the tip
of the crack.
59
9. ??? ???2 1 ?? 1
consist of be made up of A be composed of
X and Y. be constituted by comprise
60
9. ??? ???2 1 ?? 1
Metallic materials consist of ferrous metals and
non-ferrous metals. A metal consists of an array
of positive ions permeated by an atmosphere of
free electrons. All matter is made up of
atoms. Rubber is composed of very long chain
molecules. The radiation is constituted by a
wide range of wavelengths. A calorimeter
comprises a tube containing a heater and
surrounded by a vacuum jacket with thermometers
at the input and output.
61
9. ??? ???2 2 ?? 2
constitute X and Y make up A.
form
Seven days constitute a week. Parents and
children form a family. Atoms form themselves
into rigid solids by interatomic bonding.
62
10. ??? ???4 1 ??
The aim of The goal of The object of X
is to Y. The objective of The purpose of
63
10. ??? ???4 1 ??
The aim of this work is to develop a method for
simultaneous measurements of the paper and
water weights by using a microwave
resonator. The goal of the present investigation
is to show how the superconductive materials
operating at room temperature can be made. The
object of this research is to research the
technical development of diode lasers. The
final goal is to develop a high-sensitive
microwave sensor.
64
10. ??? ???4 2 ???
To so as to in order to for for the
purpose of with the object of with the aim
of with a view to (or of)
65
10. ??? ???4 2 ???
To make a body move in a circle we require a
lateral force called the centripetal force. For
a body to start moving it must first be pushed,
so work is done. The random motion has to be
increased so as to raise the temperature of a
body. The galvanometer is calibrated for the
purpose of reading temperature directly. Two
separate methods are needed with the aim of
measuring thermal conductivity.
66
10. ??? ???4 3 ???
so that in order that
Energy is required so that electrons can be
removed from the gaseous atom in the ionization
process. A carrier wave must be modulated so
that a signal can be transmitted. A centripetal
force is necessary so that a body can move in a
circle.
67
10. ??? ???4 4 ??? ??
reach effect attain achieve accomplish
68
10. ??? ???4 4 ??? ??
The apparatus is left to boil for a time to reach
equilibrium. Once the steady state in continuous
calorimeters has been reached, electrical power
put in is equal to the heat per second carried
out by the fluid. The experiment was given up
without effecting the purpose of our research
project. Ideal gas behavior can be achieved if
the molecules are separated sufficiently. The
scientist was doing the experiment in his
laboratory day and night to accomplish good
research.
69
11. ??? ???7 1 ??
equal be equal to X be identical to Y be
equivalent to be the same as be related in
the same way as
70
11. ??? ???7 1 ??
The process of heat conduction is mathematically
identical to that of electric conduction. Torque
and angular acceleration are related in the same
way as force and linear acceleration. The
impulse given by force ? time is equal to the
change in momentum. Saturated vapor pressure
is equal to at least the external pressure.
71
11. ??? ???7 2 ?? 1
be roughly the same as X be similar to
Y. be like
This is roughly the same machine that I saw the
other day. What is the computer like? The
output current is similar to the input
current. The voltage across a conductor is
roughly the same as the current multiplied by
its resistance.
72
11. ??? ???7 3 ?? 2
be the same in X and Y be identical
in . be alike in
be similar in
CP/M and MS-DOS are alike in the capability of
the operating systems. The pressure on both
sides of a U-tube manometer is the same.
73
11. ??? ???7 4 ??
differ from be different from X be
distinguished from Y. contrast with be in
contrast to
Velocity has a slightly different meaning from
speed in that velocity is a speed in a definite
direction. An alternating current is in contrast
to a direct current. Gases differ from solids
and liquids in that they are relatively
compressible.
74
11. ??? ???7 5 ??
differentiate between distinguish between X
and Y. make a distinction between
It is necessary to distinguish between the
energies of single bonds and those of double and
triple bonds. What makes a distinction between
the two cases?
unlike as against X, as different from
Y, . X as compared with Y. as
opposed to as opposed to in contrast to
75
11. ??? ???7 6 ??
be related to be associated with be
concerned with be regarded as be connected
with correspond to be represented as be
known as
76
11. ??? ???7 6 ??
The Young's modulus is related to atomic
quantities. Dynamics is associated with
unbalanced forces and resultant
accelerations. Atoms are regarded as spheres
with a nucleus at the center. This corresponds to
the observed Hooke's law behavior. Any electric
source may conveniently be represented as a
voltage source in series with a
resistance. Since capacitance can oppose a
changing voltage, this resistance to AC is known
as capacitive reactance. x a sec? and y b
tan? can be regarded as the parametric equations
of the hyperbola.
77
11. ??? ???7 7 ??
depend on (upon) X be dependent on
Y. depending on be independent of
Japan is dependent on her hydroelectric resources
for electric power. The steel will be mild or
hard, depending on the proportion of carbon
which it contains. Two effects were independent
of each other. The actual current flow will
depend upon the total resistance of the current.
78
12. ??? ???6 1 ?? 1
The function of X is to Y. The principle of X
is to Y. The duty of X is to Y. X have the
function of Y.
The principle of electrometer is to measure the
potential difference across a known large
capacitor which effectively takes all the
charge. The duty of professor is to teach
special subjects and make academic
researches. Batteries have the function of
changing chemical energy to electrical
energy. The function of an electic microphone
is to change sound vibrations into electric
vibrations.
79
12. ??? ???6 2 ?? 2
serve to serve as a means of X
act as a method of Y. be used as a
way of be used for (or to) be
designed for (or to) serve as X act as
Y. be used as
80
12. ??? ???6 2 ?? 2
An electric motor serves to change electrical
energy into mechanical energy - either kinetic
or potetial or both. Internal combustion engines
act as a method of changing chemical energy into
mechanical energy. A fluorescent tube is used as
a way of producting more light and less heat
than a filament bulb. The dynamo is used for
generating electricity. Clinical thermometers
are specially designed for finding the
temperature of the human body. Lead chloride
is sparingly soluble and serves as a test for
Pb2 ions. Ammonia can act as a reducing agent.
81
12. ??? ???6 3 ?? 3
be a device for doing be an
apparatus for doing X be an instrument for
doing Y. be an instrument designed to
do be a place for doing be an organ
for doing
82
12. ??? ???6 3 ?? 3
The stomach is a place for digesting
protein. The brain is an organ for controlling
the nervous system. The capacitor is a device
for storing electric charge. A thermometer is an
instrument designed to measure temperature. Wilson
cloud chamber is a device for showing up the
tracks of ionizing particles by using the
phenomenon of condensation from critically
supersaturated vapors onto charged
particles. Wheatstone bridge is an apparatus for
measuring electrical resistance.
83
12. ??? ???6 4 ??
can be able to X be capable of
Y. have the ability to have the
capacity to
You were better able to go through the hardships
than I was. The short-sighted eye can see clearly
objects closer than 25 cm but distant objects
are blurred. He is capable of neglecting his
duty. The eye has the ability to see objects at
different distances, which is called
accommodation.
84
12. ??? ???6 5 ??
X enable to Y. X cause to Y. X allow to
Y. With the help of X, can Y.
Clinical thermometers have a very narrow
capillary which enables them to be easily read
to an accuracy of 0.1 ?C. Catalysts allow
equilibrium to be reached more quickly. With the
help of a tachometer, the driver can control the
revolutions per minute. The presence of
resistance causes the ohm-meter scale to be
nonlinear.
85
12. ??? ???6 6 ??
regard X consider Y
take account of take into
consideration Taking into account Assuming that
Y, X. Using
86
12. ??? ???6 6 ??
It is important to regard the problem from every
point of view. Many chemical reactions can be
considered to be reversible. Taking into account
Kirchhoff's first law, we can find the cuurent in
the circuit. Assuming that the acid is weak,
the concentration of water will be constant and
need not to be considered. Consider a particle
moving round a circle of radius, a, with constant
angular velocity, ?. A number of factors must
be taken into consideration in operating the
laser equipment. Using the electrometer to
measure the capacitance of two large flat metal
plates, it can be shown by varying the
overlapping areas that the capacitance is
proportional to the area.
87
13. ??? ???3 1 ?? 1
I think I consider I contemplate I
deliberate I agree I disagree I contend
that . I claim I argue I am positive I am
sure I am certain It seems to me
88
13. ??? ???3 1 ?? 1
I think that many solids are made of a crystal
structure. I consider that 'velocity' has a
slightly different meaning from 'speed'. I
contemplate that all objects accelerate to the
ground if dropped. I agree with you that
respiration occurs in every living cell. I
contend that respiration is the only way in which
the cell obtains usable energy. I argue that the
most of the rocks of the earth's crust have been
subjected to enormous pressures known as
tectonic forces. I am positive that Everest is
composed of limestone which must have been
deposited and formed on the sea bed. It seems to
me that electronics is the general term used to
describe effects associated with the behavior of
electrons.
89
13. ??? ???3 2 ?? 2
Personally, My opinion is that It's my view
that It's my opinion that It's my
understanding that In my view, In my opinion,
I base my opinion on
90
13. ??? ???3 2 ?? 2
My opinion is that new physics inevitably follows
new experimental tools and techniques. It's our
understanding that 'smalltalk' is an example of
object-oriented programmings. It's my view that
synthetic technique has been developed to make
new information. In my opinion, GPS (Global
Positioning System) conducted by the U. S.
Air Force is very useful for general navigation
system. I base my opinion on the fact that the
language used in many political and social
debates presupposes a knowledge of history.
91
13. ??? ???3 3 ?? 3
To me, To my mind, To my knowledge, To the
best of my meory, For all I know, As I
remember, As I understand it, As far as I
know, As far as I am aware, As far as I can
remember, As far as I am concerned,
If I am not mistaken, If I understand
correctly, If I remember rightly, If my memory
serves me right,
92
13. ??? ???3 3 ?? 3
To my knowledge, the principle of modulating a
laser beam with an acousto-optic signal is not
used for many practical applications. For all
I know, there was an enormous improvement in the
health of the Britsh people between 1815 and
1939. As I remember, children survived the
diseases of infancy by 1939. As far as I know,
most plants require a supply of water, mineral
salts, and the gases of carbon dioxide and
oxygen. If I am not mistaken, an atom is the
smallest part of an element that can take part
in a chemical change. If I understand correctly,
non-metals burn in air to form oxides, e.g., the
element sulfur burns in air to form sulfur
dioxide.
93
14. ??? ???4 1 ?? 1
be an example of Take the case of Consider
, for example. Look at it this way. Let me
illustrate Let me exemplify Let me cite
as proof. Let me explain with this
example. This supports my argument that This
serves to underline the fact that
94
14. ??? ???4 1 ?? 1
A heat energy is a good example of kinetic
energy. Take the case of oxygen. Oxygen is an
element which cannot be split up chemically into
anything simpler. Consider the case of nitrogen,
for example. Nitrogen is produced by warming a
mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium
nitrate. Let me illustrate oxidation and
reduction by a familiar example. Let me explain
the effect of photosynthesis with this
example. This supports my argument that pure
water freezes at 0 ?C and boils at 100 ?C at a
pressure of 760 mm of mercury. The interference
phenomena of light serve to underline the fact
that light is a kind of wave. Look at the light
emitting diode this way. The LED is a particular
type of semiconductor diode that emits visible
light when forward- biased.
95
14. ??? ???4 2 ?? 2
for example for instance for one thing as
follows as proof of that as an
illustration according to statistics according
to statistical evidence
96
14. ??? ???4 2 ?? 2
Atoms of elements are each represented by a
symbol, for example, iron by Fe, sodium by Na,
etc. The symbols in each case represent one atom
of the substance for which they stand. For
instance, Fe denotes one atom of iron. For one
thing, the molecules acquire heat energy and
increase speed in conduction process, for
another, they strike molecules next to them. The
main differences between physical and chemical
changes are summarized as follows. Bromine is a
volatile gas. As proof of that, the air will be
filled with brown bromine vapor. Non-metals
burn in air to form oxides. As an illustration,
sulfur burns in air to form sulfur
dioxide. According to statistics, the output of
crops increased year by year.
97
14. ??? ???4 3 ?? 3
in practice in other words in any case in
explanation of in clarification in a certain
instance in substantiation To clarify To
explain To paraphrase To illustrate To
substantiate
98
14. ??? ???4 3 ?? 3
Pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas
interact with each other. In other words, if
one of them is changed, then another one is
changed as well. In explanation of Avogadro's
law, equal volumes of all gases under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure contain
the same number of molecules. To explain the
function of the eye, it is a good idea to compare
with the camera. To illustrate the process of
electrical conduction, heat conduction is
usually cited.
99
14. ??? ???4 4 ?? ???? ??
I mean anyway at all events by which I
mean that is to say apart from except for
make an exception of as an exception with
the exception of
100
14. ??? ???4 4 ?? ???? ??
There will be an earthquake soon, by which I mean
in the next ten years or so. Atoms are regarded
as spheres with a nucleus at the center and the
rest of the atom is empty, except for several
discrete electron shells. Apart from helium
which has two electrons in its ourter-most shell,
the other noble gases have eight electrons. The
world population is increasing exponentially,
that is to say, by the same percentage of the
whole each year.
101
15. ??? ???5 1 ???? ?? ??
I propose I sugggest I recommend I urge I
press that I demand I claim I support I
advocate
I forbid I exclude that I bar I prohibit
102
15. ??? ???5 1 ???? ?? ??
I'd like to propose that most digital electronic
system should operate using two distinct voltage
signal levels. I would only suggest that our
graduate school should train more teachers by
using computers efficiently. I recommend that
the potentiometer should be either linear or
logarithmic. I urge that one of the most
rapidly developing area of modern technology is
that of information technology. I demand that
digital logic system should produce output
dependent on the particular combination of input
signals. I advocate that resistance is the
tendency of a material to resist the passage of
an electric current.
103
15. ??? ???5 2 ?? ?? ??
We must It's high time that X did The only
solution is to There is no alternative but to
We see no other alternative but to
We must process and transmit all information in
digital form which has high immunity to
noise. It's high time that more students were
encouraged to go abroad. The only solution is to
make the electric circuits more reliabe by using
ICs. There is no alternative but to modulate a
carrier signal with information when the
information is transmitted elecrically from one
point to another. We see no other alternative
but to regulate the output of a voltage supply by
using the Zener diode.
104
15. ??? ???5 3 ??? ?? ??
How about doing ? What about doing ? We
could always do ? Have you thought of doing
? If I might make a suggestion Wouldn't it be
possible to ? One solution would be to It
might be a good idea to Surely it could be a
good idea if Mightn't it be rather better if
How does the idea of appeal to you?
105
15. ??? ???5 3 ??? ?? ??
What about giving special training of computer
literacy to school teacher? If I might make a
suggestion, the inductive reactacne should be
measured in kiloohms. Wouldn't it be possible
for more practical method to be used? One
solution would be to take advantage of the
cathode ray oscilloscope that could give a
graphic representation of an alternating
voltage. It might be a good idea to use the
capacitor that would store electric charge and
would allow AC to flow. Surely it could be a
good idea if the government gave more money for
agricultural development.
106
15. ??? ???5 4 ???? ??? ??? ??
I plan to I pledge to I appeal to I
plead for I propose to
I plan to connect the two resistances in series
across a potential difference to divide up the
voltage in the ratio of the values of the
resistance. I propose to teach more practical
subjects at the university.
107
15. ??? ???5 5 ??? ??? ???? ??
It is feasible to It is profitable to It is
expedient to It is imperative to It is
disastrous to It is beneficial to
It seems feasible that German scientists will
succeed in the production of superconductive
materials operating at room temperatures. It is
expedient to state that inductance is a measure
of the ability of an inductor to oppose a charge
in current. It would be beneficial to use the
semiconductor diode which consists of a single
p-n junction.
108
16. ?? ??5 1 ???? ??? ??? ??
as since because due to owing to because
of in view of by virtue of on account of for
this reason
This is because This is the reason why
109
16. ?? ??5 1 ???? ??? ??? ??
Due to the low temperature, the gas is
liquefied. Because of the strong thermal
radiation, the pyrex melted. In view of the
greenhouse effect, the atmosphere temperature of
the earth is gradually increasing year by
year. For this reason, the interference between
the two coherent rays can be observed. Water
changed into vapor. This is mainly (partly)
because it was heated to the boiling
point. This is the reason why the number of
photons per second will decrease as the
intensity of the light decreases in a
photoelectic experiments.
110
16. ?? ??5 2 ??
in short in brief in summary eventually on
the whole to sum up to review briefly to be
brief
111
16. ?? ??5 2 ??
In short, heat is a form of energy which can be
measured in terms of our normal energy unit, the
joule. In brief, vacuum flasks are a good
example of prevention of all three types of heat
transfer. Eventually, the capacitor is a device
which can store electric charge. On the whole,
the rectifier changes AC to DC. To sum up, the
iris is a variable shutter that alters the sizes
of the pupil. To review briefly, energy gained by
the system is given by the product of heat
capacity and temperature rise.
112
16. ?? ??5 3 ??? ??? ??
by way of in order to to the end that
for this purpose for the purpose of with a
view to (or of) with the aim of with the
object of
113
16. ?? ??5 3 ??? ??? ??
In oder to induce constructive interference, two
waves of the same frequency should be in
phase. For this purpose, we must measure the
heat capacity which is required to raise the
temperature of the body by 1 ?C. For the purpose
of raising the temperature of the body, the
random motion has to be increased. With the aim
of observing the intensity of ultraviolet waves,
we need a photodetector sensitive to higher
frequency than that of visible light.
114
16. ?? ??5 4 ??
and besides furthermore now meanwhile afterwa
rds in this way in addition to in this
case during this process this is (to say)
115
16. ?? ??5 4 ??
In this way, Lissajous figures can be
displayed. If, in addition to this, the
operation is commutative, it is called a
commutative or Abelian group. In this case,
eddy current is a disadvantage and has to be
minimized. In the case of the square of a number
less than 1, the following square should be
appreciated 0.12 0.01. Optical fibers can
carry much more information than electrical
cables. Besides, there is no crosstalk when
using optical fibers.
116
16. ?? ??5 5 ??
so thus hence therefore accordingly consequen
tly as a result as a consequence consequent
upon in conclusion in consequence of
117
16. ?? ??5 5 ??
The metal conducts heat well. So, it is used for
radiators. The glass is transparent. Thus, it is
used for windows. Only short-wavelength infrared
waves will pass through the glass. Therefore,
heat energy from the sun passes through the
glass. A piece of metal is placed in a changing
magnetic field. As a result, eddy currents are
produced in the metal. In conclusion, we
observed a new effect in quantum electronics,
although this was theoretically predicted by
German scientists.
118
17. ?????2 1 ??
Let me summarize that . Finally, we conclude
that . I'd like to make some conclusions. I'd
like to summarize my talk. In conclusion we can
say that . So to conclude, .
Let me summarize that saturation effect cannot be
neglected in laser spectoscopy. I'd like to make
several conclusions on my new observation. Now,
I'd like to summarize my talk with a couple of
remarks.
119
17. ?????2 2 ??? ??
Thank you.
Thank you for your patience. Thank you very much
indeed for your kind atttention. Thank you very
much for your indulgence. I'd like to thank you
for your endurance.
120
?? - ??? ??
1. ???? ?? ?? 2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? 3. ??? ?? ??
? ?? ??
121
1. ???? ?? ??6 1 ??? ?? ??
May I ask you? I want to ask you. I'd like to
ask, Dr. Smith. Just one question. My question
is for Dr. Smith. My question is concerned with
. There is something I'd like to ask.
122
1. ???? ?? ??6 1 ??? ?? ??
May I ask you a couple of questions? Dr. Smith,
I want to ask you a question about the
interference phenomena that you got in the
experiment. I'd like to ask Dr. Smith to comment
on our new theoretical development. Just one
more question, please. My question is for Dr.
Smith. What is the cause of the dramatic rise in
your production? My question is concerned with
your reliable computer system. There is
something I'd like to ask. How did you make your
new optical fibers?
123
1. ???? ?? ??6 2 ??? ?? ??
ask a question put a question have a
question raise a question concerning direct a
question about address a question regarding
inquire query question interrogate
124
1. ???? ?? ??6 2 ??? ?? ??
I have a question about the distinction between
computer-aided testing and computer-aided
manufacturing. I'd like to direct a question
concerning the peculiar phenomena of your diode
laser. Could I raise a question regarding the
measurement of frequency to Dr. Smith?
125
1. ???? ?? ??6 3 ??? ?? ??
Would you mind if I ask ? May I presume to ask
you a question? Could I venture to ask you to
? I hope you don't mind my asking, but . I
wonder if you could elaborate on . I am
wondering if you would tell us . I was just
wondering if you could .
126
1. ???? ?? ??6 3 ??? ?? ??
Would you mind if I ask a question about your
special shape memory alloys? May I presume to
ask you to explain how your system works
effectively? Could I venture to ask you to
comment on that? I wonder if you could elaborate
on this point. I am wondering if you could tell
us why. I was just wondering if you could
explain why it changed.
127
1. ???? ?? ??6 4 ?? ?? ??
I am curious about I am interested in I'm
curious to know I'd like to hear I'm
anxious to know I should be interested to know
It would be interesting to hear It could be
useful to know
128
1. ???? ?? ??6 4 ?? ?? ??
I'm curious about your recent development of
microchip manufacture. I'd like to hear a little
more about your design of computer system. I'm
anxious to know why you decided to choose this
method. It could be useful to know how two types
of germanium are used to make a bipolar
transistor.
129
1. ???? ?? ??6 5 ??? ??? ??? ??
About As for Now for Regarding
Concerning Talking of Speaking of
With regard to With respect to With
reference to
130
1. ???? ?? ??6 5 ??? ??? ??? ??
As for your new observation, I'd like to make two
comments. Regarding the control system, I want to
make some remarks. Talking of your recent
development, I'd like to ask you to document
that. With respect to your final conclusion, I
think that it's just an assumption.
131
1. ???? ?? ??6 6 ??? ??? ??
What are your views on What are your feelings
about What's your opinion about What's your
reaction to ? What do you think about How
do you feel about How do you see
132
1. ???? ?? ??6 6 ??? ??? ??
What are your views on the system of class formed
according to degree of advancement? What are
your feelings about the education of returnee
children? What's your opinion about nuclear fuel
reprocessing plant? What's your reaction to the
wage negotiation if the union wins a 7 raise?
133
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 1 ???? ??? ?? ??
the cause of the reason of the
rationale for Whats responsible for
? the ground for the basis for the
justification for
What is the cause of the damage? What's your
reason for the low resistance? What's the
rationale for the frequency fluctuation? What's
responsible for the big deviation from the
theoretical value?
134
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 2 ??? ?? ??
What's the aim of What's the goal of What's the
object of X? What's the purpose
of What's your objective of What other purpose
does X serve?
What's the main aim of the Zener diode? What's
the final goal of your cancer research? What's
the purpose of ELINT? What other purpose does
your sophisticated computer system serve?
135
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 3 ? ??? ??? ?? ??
Do you see any relation ? Do you see any
relevance ? Do you see any interrelationship
? Do you think there is any correlation ? Do
you think there is any connection ?
136
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 3 ? ??? ??? ?? ??
Do you see any relation between a light emitting
diode and a laser diode? Do you see any
interrelationship between an inverting amplifier
and a noninverting amplifier? Do you think
there is any correlation between overprotection
and school violence? Do you think there is any
connection between transistor-transistor logic
(TTL) and complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS)?
137
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 4 ???? ?? ??
What's the difference Could you find any
difference between A and B? Could you make a
distinction How do you differentiate A from
B? How do you distinguish
138
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 4 ???? ?? ??
What's the difference between casting and
molding? Could you find any difference between
p-n-p junction and n-p-n junction? Could you
make a distinction between an analogue meter and
a digital meter? How do you differentiate
between half-wave rectification and full- wave
rectification? How do you distinguish a
step-down transformer from a step-up
transformer?
139
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 5 ?? ??? ?? ??
What does X consist of? What is X made up
of? What is X composed of? What did X
originally consist of? How are the components of
X formed?
What does a hydrogen atom consist of ? How many
bits is one byte made up of ? What is a
semiconductor diode composed of ? What did a
fire alarm originally consist of ? How are the
components of a combination logic circuit formed ?
140
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 6 ??? ?? ??
Could you tell us why ? Would you give us the
reason to do ? I'd like to ask you why . Is
there any reason to believe that ?
I'd like to ask you why the pH of the solution
effects the color of indicators. Is there any
reason to believe that lihgt greatly affects free
radical reaction? Could you tell us why the
weight of the body varies from place to place?
141
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 7 ??? ?? ??
What's the function of X ? What function does X
perform ? What function does X encompass ? What
served as a standard for X ? When was X
implemented? How does X act as Y ?
What's the function of a fire alarm composed of a
temperature sensor, an electronic switch an an
alarm buzzer? What function does the combination
logic circuit perform? What functions does a
numerical-controlled machine encompass? What
served as a standard for the operating system of
your computer?
142
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 8 ???? ??? ?? ??
What is used when ? What is used in such a
case ? Where is X used after ? What's X used
for ? What's one application of X ? What does
the method use to ? What new method was
utilized ? Why was X utilized ? What does your
study use to ?
143
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 8 ???? ??? ?? ??
What is used when you step down the high voltage
in power supplies? What is used normally in such
a case? What's the magnetic bubble memory used
for? What's one application of super lattice
devices? What new method was utilized to measure
very weak current? Why was the sensitive
multimeter utilized for the measurement? What
does your study use to generate high electric
power?
144
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 9 ??? ??? ?? ??
What's the basic element of What are the main
elements of X? What's on important factor
in What factors have led to
What's the basic element of operational
amplifiers? What are the main elements of field
effective transistors? What's one important
factor in the conversion of an analogue signal to
a digital signal? What factors have led to the
fast response in the TTL logic integrated
circuits?
145
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 10 ???? ??? ?? ??
What are the merits of What are the demerits
of What's the advantage of
X? What's the benefit of Is there any
disadvantage to doing
What are the advantage and disadvantage of
neclear reactors which have been commercially
used to generate electricity? Is there any
disadvantage to using the method of blow
molding? What are the merits of electric
discharge machining?
146
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 11 ??? ?? ??
Do you have any information on Have you any
information about Is there any information
concerning I wonder if you could give us some
information about I wonder whether there is any
information on
Do you have any information on the development of
microwave sensors for pulp and paper
industry? Is there any information concerning
radio astronomy receivers and infrared remote
sensing? I wonder if you could give us some
information about the fabrication of very
large-scale integration.
147
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 12 ??? ??? ??
Can you explain this ? Could you have any
explanation for ? Could you give some
explanation of ? Would you enlighten us on
? How do you account for ? I wonder if you
could explain ? I wonder if you would clarify
?
148
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 12 ??? ??? ??
Can you explain details of the peripheral
equipments of your computer? Could you have
any explanation for the electrical isolation
which you achieved under the difficult
condition? Could you give some clear explanation
of the peculiar phenomena which you got in the
experiment? How do you account for the rapid
increase of the temperature? I wonder if you
could explain the noticeable decline of the
voltage? I wonder if you would clarify the
fluctuating performance of the pressure at the
end of the experiment?
149
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 13 ??? ?? ??
What does X mean? What does X imply? What does
X express? What does X stand for? What is meant
by X?
What does the space colony mean? What does the
phased-array antenna imply? What does CVD
express? What does APD represent? What does
FORTRAN stand for?
150
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 14 ??? ??? ?? ??
What determines X ? What does Y determine ? How
is X determined ? What determines whether ?
What determines the high speed operation? What
does the slow reaction determine? How is the
output voltage determine?
151
2. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??17 15 ??? ?? ??
What process does X improve ? What improvement
does X bring about ? What is found to improve Y
? What requirement must be considered?
What process does the short-wavelength laser
improve in the microchip manufacture? What was
found to have improved the date