HISTORY OF PLANNING

1
TOPIC 2

• HISTORY OF PLANNING URBANIZATION

2
TOPICS

• URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY
• A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH
• PLANING ISSUES OF THE XIX CENTURY
• URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY
• PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY
• SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES OF THE URBAN
  EXPERIENCE
• USA VS. EUROPE
• USA VS. DEVELOPING WORLD
• CONTEMPORARY URBAN PROBLEMS

3
URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY

• Farm productivity increase (less labor producing
  more output) releases some labor.
• Industrialization (shift from cottage industry to
  mass production).
• Demographic changes, in particular, migration.
• Technological changes in transport and housing
  affected density and concentration.
• Economic activities, mainly industry, are
  centralized and concentrated in the center of the
  city.
• Urban growth reinforcing itself through the
  expansion of commercial activities.

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A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH
TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
FARM PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES
GROWTH OF CITIES
DEMOGRAPHICS (B-D) M
COMMERCIAL SERVICES ACTIVITIES
INDUSTRY GROWTH MASS PRODUCTION
HOUSING
5
PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY

• Public health and sanitation are among the first
  urban problems planners begin dealing with.
• Open space or parks become a preventive measure
  of some diseases.
• Housing reform, mainly housing for the poor, also
  became another planning topic (zoning, housing
  codes, etc.) .
• Levy describes planning as a fusion of art,
  architecture, and planning.

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PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY

• A breakthrough event that gave planning its very
  existence is the recognition of establishing some
  public control over the use of private land.
• Planning started to be seen as a means to deal
  with issues of interconnectedness and complexity
  giving as a a result master planning or
  comprehensive planning.
• Planning little by little becomes a governmental
  function.

7
THE CHICAGO PLAN CIVIC ART
8
URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY

• Decentralization forces begin emerging in tandem
  with improvements in transportation technology
  (water, railroads, electric cars, combustion
  engine or Fords model T).
• Transportation becomes more flexible and
  individualized (the density gradient becomes
  flatter).
• As the country and the population acquire wealth,
  particularly after WWII, population begins to
  move to the outskirts of the city and suburbs
  forming bedroom communities.

9
URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY

• Economic activities, such as retail and services,
  slowly begin to decentralize and deconcentrate
  from the center. Centrality begins to lose its
  meaning.
• All of the above could have not been possible
  without federal programs such as FHA loans,
  National Defense Highway act of 1956, tax
  incentives, etc.
• Finally, industry begin to move to the suburbs
  and the city is transformed from a monocentric to
  polycentric urban form.

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DENSITY GRADIENT
Population per square mile
Distance from the center
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PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY

• A great shift in the XX century was the
  acceptance of the role of government,
  particularly federal, as a big planner due to the
  lessons of the Great Depression (TVA, highways
  public parks are important examples).
• Dams other water public works are another
  important example, particularly, for the
  Southwest.
• Urban Renewal or poor removal
• Highway planning
• Municipal planning (suburbanization)
• Environmental planning (Late 1960s)
• Equity planning (Civil rights movement)
• Growth management (1980s)
• Smart Growth (1990s)
• Smarter growth

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SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

• EUROPE VS. USA
• How has history influenced the development of
  cities?
• Why doesnt Europe have the problem of the
  empty downtown?
• How has Europe approached the issue of housing
  affordability?
• Why has Europe evolved towards a more
  environmentally friendly policies?

13
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

• DEVELOPING WORLD VS. USA
• What are the key differences of the urban
  process? What role does industrialization play?
  What role does the green revolution play?
• What are the differences in the urban hierarchy
  of the USA and Mexico? Urban primacy vs. rank
  size rule.
• How do the XIX century planning issues in the USA
  compare to the planning issues facing developing
  nations?
• Are the differences in urban development
  disappearing or becoming sharper?
• Are megacities such as Mexico City sustainable?

14
Stages of development

• (Peter Hall)
• First rural to urban migration
• Second Industrialization
• Third Suburbanization
• Fourth Deconcentration
• Fifth Multicentric cities

• C. Fuentes
• First the establishment of the border open the
  opportunities for commerce services.
• Second the surge of maquiladoras (industry)
  reorganize the urban structure and started
  competing with commerce services for location
  near the bridges.
• Third the transition from a monocentric to
  polycentric city.

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A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH
TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
FARM PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES
GROWTH OF CITIES
DEMOGRAPHICS (B-D) M
COMMERCIAL SERVICES ACTIVITIES
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH MASS PRODUCTION
HOUSING