Animal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2

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Animal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2
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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Rumen
• Largest compartment
• Food is soaked, mixed.
• Microorganisms ferment the feed.
• Carbohydrates are absorbed by the papillae.
• Small fingerlike projections that aid in
  absorption

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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Reticulum
• Hardware stomach
• Due to large mouth they collect hardware
• Wire form fence
• Rocks
• Etc

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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Reticulum
• Secretes mucus
• Honeycomb shaped
• Traps hardware from traveling to the rest of the
  digestive system.

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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Reticulum
• Regurgitation
• Packs feed into an egg shaped ball to be
  re-chewed. (CUD)

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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Omasum
• Size of a quarter to enter.
• Round Soccer Ball
• Many Folds Like a round book
• Grinds the food as it passes through.

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Digestive System

• Ruminant System
• Abomasum
• True stomach
• Functions the same as the monogastric
• Intestines are the same as monogastric.

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Digestive System

• Function
• Animal takes in food
• Digested in to a form that the body can use.
• Basic elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc

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Pathway of Digestion

1. Food enters the mouth and swallowed down the
   esophagus.
2. Food enters the rumen and starts to digest by
   micro-organisms.
3. Food is regurgitated back to the mouth and is
   chewed (Called a Cud).
4. Chewed food is then swallowed into the reticulum.
5. Food then goes into the omassum or true stomach.

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1. Food then passes into the abomasum.
2. Food enters the small intestines where valuable
   nutrients are absorbed.
3. Any food that is not absorbed enters the large
   intestines for more absorption.
4. All un-absorbed feed is then passed to the
   outside through the rectum.

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02-0211-03-01-09

• Ruminant Digestive System Test
• File 45-60

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-10

• Poultry Digestive System

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Species of Poultry

• Chicken
• Turkey
• Goose
• Duck
• Pigeon
• Peacock

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Poultry Digestive System

• The digestive system is somewhat different from
  mammals. The mouth lacks teeth and lips.
  Instead, the beak serves to bite off food.
• Barbs on the tongue help food to be moved
  backwards, so it can be easily swallowed.
• The esophagus forms a pouch, called a crop, where
  food is stored for brief time periods.

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Poultry Digestive System

• From the crop, food moves down into the true
  stomach, or proventriculus, where hydrochloric
  acid and pepsin starts the process of digestion.
• Next, food moves into the gizzard, which is oval
  shaped and thick walled with powerful muscles.
• The chief function of the gizzard is to grind or
  crush food particles - a process which is aided
  by the bird swallowing small amounts of fine
  gravel or grit.

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Poultry Digestive System

• It is written that the muscles of a turkeys
  gizzard can crush a hickory nut, which requires
  75 kg mechanical pressure!  
• From the gizzard, food moves into the duodenum.
• The small intestine is similar to mammals, there
  are two blind pouches or ceca, about 4-6 inches
  in length at the junction of the small and large
  intestine.

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Poultry Digestive System

• The large intestine is short, consisting mostly
  of the rectum about 3-4 inches in length.
• The rectum empties into the cloaca and feces are
  excreted through the vent.

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-11

• Poultry Digestive System
• Test
• Index 45-61

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-12

• Simple Stomach Digestion

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Simple stomach
• One compartment
• Pigs
• Horse
• Dog
• Cat
• Humans

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Digestive System

• Function
• Animal takes in food
• Digested in to a form that the body can use.
• Basic elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Mouth
• Grind down food
• Esophagus
• Push food to stomach
• Muscles move food down

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Stomach
• Muscles
• Contacts and relaxes
• Food pressed together
• Digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining.
• Hydrochloric Acid

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Stomach
• Food is dissolved from movement and acid.

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Small Intestine
• Duodenum
• Secreted from pancreas
• Breaks down proteins, starch and fats.
• Juices still secreted to break down food.

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Small Intestine
• Jejunum
• Nutrients absorbed into the body
• From intestine to blood stream.
• Villi Semi-Permeable membrane
• Particles pass through.

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Large Intestine
• Cecum
• Not used in most monogastrics

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Digestive System

• Modified Monogastric System
• Horse
• Uses cecum to digest roughage

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Large Intestine
• Colon
• Storage of waste
• Water is removed

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Digestive System

• Monogastric
• Rectum
• Muscle that passes waste out of the body.

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-13

• Simple Stomach Digestive System Test
• Index 45-62

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-14

• Modified Digestion System
• Horse
• File 45-63

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-15

• Modified Digestion and Test
• File 45-63

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-16

• Circulatory System
• File 45-64

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Circulatory System
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Function of the Heart

• Transports
• Water
• Oxygen
• Wastes
• Regulates Temperature
• Removes Disease

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Circulatory System

• Heart
• Center of the circulatory system
• Large muscle
• Pumps continuously

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Circulatory System

• Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Vessels that take blood away from the heart
• Veins
• Vessels that return blood to the heart

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Circulatory System

• Capillaries
• Connect arteries and veins
• Deliver nutrients to the cells
• Take away waste

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Circulatory System

• Red Blood cells
• Give blood color
• Carry oxygen
• White Blood cells
• Destroy disease
• Pus

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Circulatory System

• Four Chambers
• Right Atrium
• Receives blood into heart from body, from veins
• Right Ventricle
• Pumps blood out to the lungs
• Left Atrium
• Receives blood into heart from lungs
• Left Ventricle
• Pumps blood out into body via arteries

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Lungs
Veins
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Arteries
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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-17

• Circulatory System Test
• Index 45-64

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-18

• Nervous System

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Nervous System

• Function
• Central system
• Motor Control
• Sensation

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Nervous System

• Nerves
• Long fiber like structures
• Motor Neurons
• Controls impulses sent from the brain
• To other parts of the body

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Nervous System

• Sensory Neurons
• Send impulses from the body to the brain.
• Spinal Cord
• All nerves are connected
• Runs through the backbone (vertebra)

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Nervous System

• Brain
• Center of the nervous system
• Divided into 3 sections

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Nervous System

• Brain
• 1. Cerebrum
• Largest
• Controls thought process
• Ouch!

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Nervous System

• Brain
• 2. Cerebellum
• Coordinator center for the cerebrum
• Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc

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Nervous System

• Brain
• 3. Medulla oblongata
• Involuntary activities
• Heart beat
• Digestion
• Breathing
• Body Temp.
• Feeling Fear or Thirst

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Nervous System

• Brain Stem
• Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

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02-0211-03-01-19

• Nervous System Test
• File 45-65

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-20

• Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

• Function
• Composed of glands that secrete hormones.
• Hormones
• Chemical agent that causes an effect in the body.
• Hormones control vital function of the body.
• Growth
• Reproduction

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Endocrine System

• Pituitary Gland
• Located at the base of the brain
• Master gland
• Functions
• Growth of bone
• Maternal Behavior
• Reproduction cells

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Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus
• Links the Endocrine with the nervous system.
• Location
• Under the lower front part of the brain
• Secretes hormones for
• Hunger
• Sleep
• Body Temp

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Endocrine System

• Adrenal Gland
• Located by Kidney
• Adrenalin Times of stress
• Thyroid Gland
• Front of wind pipe
• Controls rate of digestion
• Storage of calcium

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Endocrine System

• Pancreas
• Below the stomach
• Produces Insulin and glucagons
• Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood
  stream

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Excretory System

• Function
• Rid the body of wastes
• Kidney
• Remove urea and nitrogen
• Filtrates liquids ingested.
• Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-21

• Endocrine System Test
• File 45-66

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Indicator 02-0211-03-01-22

• Standard 02-0211-03-01 Test