America at Home and Abroad

1
America at Home and Abroad

• Late 20th Century Until Today

2
The March Toward Equality Continues

• The great Civil Rights Movement for
  African-Americans achieved many of its goals in
  the 1960s desegregation, civil rights
  legislation, and voting rights legislation.
• From the late 1960s on, other groups who had
  faced discrimination adopted many of the same
  effective strategies to call for reform.
• Who were these special
  interest groups?

?
?
?
Civil Rights Movement
?
Civil Rights Movement
?
3
Hispanic or Chicano Movement

• César Chávez and Dolores Huerta formed the U.F.W.
  (United Farm Workers Association). They used
  nonviolent methods to win better treatment for
  Hispanic migrant farm workers.
• They conducted nation-wide boycotts of grape and
  lettuce growers.
• Another Hispanic group, La Raza Unida,
  sought to increase voter
  participation and
  elect more Hispanics to political office.
• Another earlier activist, Hector P. Garcia,
  had worked with
  L.U.L.A.C. (the League of
  United Latin American Citizens)
  and helped
  found the American G.I. Forum to assist
  Hispanic veterans after
  World War II.

4
Native Americans

• In 1968, the American Indian Movement
  
  (A.I.M.) was founded. The issues they
  addressed included poverty,
  housing,
  treaty issues, and police harassment.
• In the 1970s, they launched several protests that
  gained media attention for their causes,
  including occupying Mount Rushmore (1971),
  seizing the Washington office of the Bureau of
  Indian Affairs (1972), and a 1978 march from
  Alcatraz to Washington D.C.

5
Feminism in the 1970s

• In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement,
  a womens
  movement re-emerged.
• Betty Friedans book, The Feminine Mystique,
  challenged the expectation that women should be
  just housewives and raised issues of civil rights
  and equality in society.
• She was one of the founders of the National
  Organization for Women (N.O.W.)
• Another prominent voice in the womens movement
  was Gloria
• Steinem. She
  established Ms. Magazine.
• The goals of
  the 1970s feminists included
• 1) banning
  gender discrimination in hiring
• 2) ending
  discrimination in college admissions
• 3) passing
  the Equal Rights Amendment
• 
  
  
  

6
The Equal Rights Amendment

• In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by
  Congress
• Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall
  not be denied or abridged by the United States or
  by any state on account of sex.
• Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to
  enforce, by appropriate legislation, the
  provisions of this article.
• Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two
  years after the date of ratification
• In order to be added to the constitution it would
  have to be ratified by 38 of the 50 states by
  1982.
• By 1977, 35 states had ratified it.
• During this time however, opponents, such as
  Phyllis Schlafly, launched
  a Stop-ERA movement which
  was successful in blocking its ratification
  before the 1982 deadline.

Examine the provisions of this amendment and
identify those portions that would be
controversial.
7
A question from the 2013 EOC . . .

• The author of this letter was
• a leader of the Civil Rights movement
• the cofounder of the National Organization for
  Women
• a leader of a conservative interest group
• the cofounder of Ms. Magazine

8
Other Groups Seek Equality

• 4. Handicapped Americans
• In 1974, the Rehabilitation Act guaranteed
  equal rights.
• The Americans with Disabilities Act will be
  passed in 1990 giving the handicapped better
  access to public facilities.
• 5. Senior citizens
• Gray Panthers organization was founded in 1970
  to work to end age discrimination such as a
  mandatory retirement age in many companies.
• The AARP is the most well-known of the senior
  advocacy organizations.
• 6. The first Gay Pride parade and rally was
  held in New York City in 1970, which marks the
  beginning of organized political efforts by the
  LBGT community
• Of the six minority interest groups just
  discussed, which group do
  you think has been most successful in achieving
  their goals?
• Which group has had the least success?

9
And then there was the counterculture . . .
Why were they called the counterculture?

• Based on evidence from the photo,
  what values did this movement represent?

Hint anti-establishment was also used to
describe them
10
Migration Within the U.S

• Rust Belt-
• Unemployment rose sharply in mid-western states
  due to plant closures during 1970s recession.
• Led to large numbers of people moving out of
  states such as Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana,
  Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, often settling in
  Sunbelt states.
• Sunbelt-
• Due to the development of air conditioning,
  states known for warmer winters have grown
  steadily in population, especially senior
  citizens.
• These include California, Arizona, Texas, and
  Florida
• Natural disasters (such as the 1930s Dust Bowl)
  sometimes lead to temporary migrations which
  often turn out to be permanent.
• An early 21st-Century example of this phenomenon
  is the impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 on the
  area around New Orleans.
• Where did these displaced people move?

11
U.S. Presidents from 1970 Today

• Thoughout the following discussion, watch for
  examples of political and economic policies
  associated with each president. Also, collect
  events to label on the foreign policy timeline.
• Lets start with Richard Nixon . . .

12
Nixons Foreign Policy

• Despite the ongoing problems with the War in
  Vietnam, Nixons second term is remembered for
  foreign policy successes.
• Beginning in 1971, Nixon pursued a policy of
  détente with the U.S.S.R. (détente means a
  relaxation of tensions)
• He negotiated a S.A.L.T. agreement
  (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) which
  restricted the types and numbers of
  nuclear warheads and missiles that each country
  could have.

13
Détente with China

• Since its formation in 1949,
  the U.S. had never formally
  recognized the Peoples
  Republic of China.
• In February of 1972, Nixon normalizes relations
  with China by visiting there and conducting
  talks with Chairman Mao.
• This led to scientific and
  cultural exchanges and to
  the setting up of embassies
  in both countries.
• 
  Whats going on here and why is it important?

14
Nixons Domestic Initiatives

• Nixon proposed and established the Environmental
  Protection Agency in 1970. (The first Earth Day
  was celebrated in 1970 also.)
• Congress also passed the Endangered Species Act
  in 1973.
• Nixon is credited with launching
  the War on Drugs and a
  Get Tough on Crime
  policy.

15
Nixons 2nd Term

• Due in part to his foreign policy and
  environmental successes and to the support from
  those he termed the Silent Majority, Nixon was
  re-elected in 1972.
• In 1973, the Congress passed the War Powers Act
  which declared that a president could not send
  U.S. military into action more than 60 days
  unless authorized by Congress.
• In Vietnam, a cease-fire was signed and the U.S.
  withdrew our troops in 1973.
• But the fighting continued, and South Vietnam
  would eventually fall to the Communists.

16
The OPEC Oil Embargo

• O.P.E.C (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries)
• In response to U.S. support for Israel in the
  October War of 1973, O.P.E.C placed an oil
  embargo on shipments to the U.S.
• This contributed to
• Higher gas prices which led to overall inflation
• Incredibly long gas lines
• 55 mph national speed limit enacted
• More energy conservation measures
• Increased popularity of compact cars

17
Watergate

• During the 1972 election, an incident had
  occurred that would not fully come to light until
  later.
• Men working for the Committee to Re-Elect the
  President broke into the Democratic National
  Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex
  in Washington, D.C.
• Reporters traced clues that indicated that some
  of Nixons closest aides had been involved in
  planning the burglary.
• Further information suggested
  a White House cover-up, so
  a
  Senate committee was set up
  and hearings were held.

18
The Watergate Scandal

• It was disclosed that Nixon taped all
  conversations in the oval office. The Special
  Prosecutor, Archibald Cox, subpoenaed these tapes
  from the dates in question.
• Nixon appealed this order, citing concerns for
  national security and executive privilege and
  refused to give up the tapes.
• When his appeal was denied,
  Nixon fired Prosecutor Cox and
  others. This came
  to be called
  The Saturday Night Massacre.

19
Road to Nixons Resignation

• Members of the House of Representatives began
  calling for Nixons impeachment.
  
• Nixon finally gives up tapes, but some are
  missing and one has an 18½ minute erasure on it.
• Written transcripts also provided by Nixon (in
  lieu of tapes) confirm Nixon had knowledge of the
  break-in and the cover-up.
• With impeachment almost certain, Nixon becomes
  the first and only President to resign the office
  (1974).
• Impeachment means to bring charges against a
  public official. It does not mean to remove the
  official from office.

20
Interpret the Cartoon 1. Describe the scene.
What will happen next? 2. What symbolism do you
see? How is Nixon characterized? 3. Is the
cartoonist suggesting that Nixon IS a crook? Why?
21
The Lessons of Watergate

• http//www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/national/wate
  rgate-forty-years-after-the-scandal/2012/06/11/gJQ
  ABNYiVV_video.html

Watch the following video and describe 3
different lessons that Watergate taught us about
our government and society. Be prepared to
discuss . . .
22
Gerald Ford Becomes President

• Vice-President Gerald Ford would finish out
  Nixons second term in office.
• http//www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/US20Hist
  ory20II/course20files/multimedia/lesson79/lesson
  p_nroc_nonap.html
• The state of the economy during his term was
  called stagflation (high unemployment and high
  inflation)
• He also had foreign policy problems, including
  the fall of Saigon to the communists in 1975.
• In 1976, he lost a close presidential election to
  the democratic candidate, Jimmy Carter.

23
The Carter Presidency

• Like President Ford, Jimmy Carters biggest
  problem at home was the economy. Due to rising
  oil prices, inflation soared. Prices throughout
  the economy went up 10 in the first year.
  Interest rates rose to 20 and unemployment
  remained high.
• What is the term for this combination of
  economic problems?
• One note-worthy law that Carter suggested and
  signed was the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act,
  which required banks to make credit available in
  poor communities, to prevent further decline in
  low-income neighborhoods in inner cities.
• http//www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/US20Hist
  ory20II/course20files/multimedia/lesson79/lesson
  p_nroc_nonap.html

24
Carters Camp David Accords

• Israel and neighboring Arab nations had fought
  several wars since the State of Israel was
  founded in 1948.
• Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and
  Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp
  David, the U.S. Presidential retreat in Maryland.
  Carters personal diplomacy helps them agree to
  a peace treaty known as the 1978-79 Camp David
  Accords whereby
• Israel would withdraw from Egypts Sinai
  peninsula, which it had held
  since 1967.
• Egypt became the first Arab nation to
  recognize Israels
  existence as a nation.
• Sadat and Begin would share the
  Nobel Peace Prize for this
  historic agreement

25
Revolution in Iran

• Despite the corruption and repression of his
  regime, the U.S. had supported the Shah of Iran
  for years, because he was a reliable source of
  oil and because he had modernized and westernized
  Iran.
• In January 1979 an anti-western Muslim
  fundamentalist revolution occurred in Iran by the
  supporters of the religious leader, Ayatollah
  Ruholla Khomeini.
• The Shah fled Iran and Carter allowed him to
  enter the U.S. for medical treatment.

26
Iranian Hostage Crisis

• In late 1979, the Iranian Hostage Crisis began
  when outraged fundamentalists captured the U.S.
  embassy and held 52 American hostages for 444
  days.
• Carters efforts to free the hostages included
• Diplomacy, then breaking off diplomatic relations
• Freezing Iranian assets in the U.S.
• A failed rescue mission that ended in disaster.

The Ayatollah Khomeini was demanding the Shahs
return to Iran for trial, but did not release the
hostages, even after the Shah died due to his
illness.
27
Another item from the 2013 EOC . . .

• In 1979 the Shah of Iran was forced into exile.
  The U.S. government later allowed the Shah to
  enter the United States for medical treatment.
  This perceived U.S. support for the Shah of Iran
  resulted in which of the following?
• Iran attacked a U.S. military base in Asia.
• Soviet forces began an occupation of Iran.
• Israel demanded U.S. support for the strategic
  bombing of cities in Iran.
• Revolutionaries kidnapped a group of U.S.
  citizens in Iran.

28
The Conservative Revolution of 1980

• Despite Carters success in the Middle East peace
  process, the economy still struggled with
  inflation and 7 unemployment.
• Carters perceived weakness led to an approval
  rating of only 26 and even Carter spoke of a
  crisis of confidence in the nation.
• California Governor, Ronald Reagan won the
  Republican nomination in 1980, proposing a
  foreign policy based on Peace through Strength.
  
• Reagan won by a landslide 489 to 49 electoral
  votes. Other Republicans are swept into office
  nationwide on Reagans coattails.

29
The New Conservatism

• In the 1980 Presidential election, Reagan
  received support from leading conservative
  groups
• The National Rifle Association This was the
  first time that the NRA made an official
  endorsement in a Presidential election.
• The Moral MajorityHeld rallies and made phone
  calls to appeal to fundamentalist Christians to
  vote for the more conservative Reagan. Headed by
  the Reverend Jerry Falwell.
• The Heritage FoundationThis conservative
  think-tank seeks to promote conservative
  policies by lobbying congress and contributing
  funds to the campaigns of conservative candidates
  such as Reagan.
• Which two of these organizations continue
  to influence politics
  today?
• Lets examine the economic beliefs of the New
  Conservatives . . .

30
Reaganomics (or Supply-Side Theory) Suggests . . .
In the Production Cycle below, increased
Employment would lead to increased Demand, which
would lead to increases in Production, which
would lead to increases in Employment, etc.
Got it?
Tax breaks to the wealthy will encourage
investment and increase production . . .
the benefits of which will . . .
trickle down to the working class
31
What symbolism do you see?
Analyze this cartoon.
(How has the cartoonist drawn the fountain? How
are fountains usually shaped?)
(Is the President depicted respectfully?)
Will this work?
What is the cartoonists view of the
effectiveness of trickle-down economics?
32
Reagan Tax Cuts

• 1981 - a 5 tax cut went into effect
• 1982 - a 10 tax cut went into effect
• 1983 - an additional 10 tax cut went into effect
• Fewer income brackets

• Wealthy benefit the most as tax rate on the
  highest incomes drops from 70 to 28

33
Spending Cuts under Reagan

• In an effort to slow the growth of the federal
  government, the Reagan administration
• Reduced unemployment compensation
• Lowered welfare payments
• Reduced spending
  on food stamps
• Raised fees on
  Medicaid payments

34
Deregulation under Reagan

• Reagan worked for deregulation of energy and
  banking.
• He cut the number of, and funding for, regulatory
  agencies like the Environmental Protection
  Agency, thus reducing their effectiveness.
• Conservatives believe that excessive regulations
  stifle free market competition and mean higher
  costs and lower profits to produce, leading to
  fewer jobs and higher prices for consumers.
• Progressives believe that some regulations are
  necessary to make businesses operate ethically,
  prevent unfair competition, and protect the
  rights of labor and consumers.

35
Reaganomics Report Card

• First two years in office were called the
• Reagan Recession.
• Unemployment dropped to 10.8 in 1982.
• Interest rates soared.
• Hundreds of businesses closed each week.
• Economy began to recover in 1983, and remained
  through the 1980s.
• Rate of inflation slowed.
• Republicans claimed the recovery supported this
  approach.
• Contrary to their predictions, however, the
  Federal deficit grew rather than shrank.
• Poverty and homelessness remained high.

36
Another item from the 2013 EOC . . .

• The policy objectives of Reaganomics were based
  on the theory that
• borrowing from foreign countries would help cover
  the costs of domestic programs
• significant increases in government spending
  would help reduce unemployment
• broad tax cuts and financial deregulation would
  promote economic expansion
• reducing trade barriers would result in a budget
  surplus

37
Reagans Foreign Policy-Peace Through Strength

• Reagan believed our position in the world had
  been weakened in recent years and was determined
  to regain status and defend American interests in
  the Cold War.
• Reagan spent huge sums to build up both
  conventional and nuclear weapons.
• He championed the Strategic Defense Initiative
  (S.D.I.), popularly
  known as Star Wars, which
  would have created a satellite missile
  defense shield in space to intercept
  and destroy any incoming
  Soviet
  missiles. We continue to work on
  missile interceptor
  technology today.

38
Trouble Spots in the Middle East

• In 1983, 241 U.S. marines stationed in Lebanon
  were killed by a suicide truck bomber.
• In 1986, Reagan ordered a deadly airstrike on
  Libya, a nation that had sponsored terrorism
  against the U.S.

39
Iran-Contra Affair

• 1979-Marxist Sandinistas seized power in
  Nicaragua.
• The CIA then secretly trained and armed
  anti-Sandinista guerillas known as Contras
  (against) to fight the government.
• In 1984 Congress learned about this and banned
  it.
• Reagan Administration officials then secretly
  sold arms to (anti-U.S.) Iran and used the money
  to continue to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.
• Congress learned of the Iran-Contra Affair in
  1986 through hearings which led to serious
  criticisms of the Reagan administration.
• Marine Lt. Col. Oliver North takes
  the blame for the
  arrangements, while
  Reagan claimed no knowledge
  of it.

40
Improved Relations with U.S.S.R.

• Mikhail Gorbachev became Soviet leader in 1985
• He introduces two reforms popular with Americans
  and the democratic west
• Glasnost, or political openness, which
  allowed greater free speech and free press
• Perestroika, or restructuring, which allowed
  some free enterprise
• 1987 INF Treaty reduced number of
  intermediate range nuclear missiles
  each country could have.
• Famous Reagan quote
  Mr. Gorbachev, tear down
  this wall! Though the
  Berlin wall wont be torn
  down until November of 1989, Reagan
  helps this come about.

41
George H.W. Bush Presidency

• Reagans Vice-President wins the Republican
  nomination and the general election in 1988.
• http//www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/US20Hist
  ory20II/course20files/multimedia/lesson80/lesson
  p.html?showTopic1
• It is in the area of foreign policy that Bush
  enjoyed his greatest successes.

42
The End of the Cold War

• The Berlin Wall fell in November 1989.
• The Cold War finally ends in 1991
  when the Soviet Union collapses to be replaced by
  the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)
  with President Boris Yeltsin in charge. The
  former Soviet Socialist Republics gain their
  independence one-by-one.
• The Cold War is now behind us, let us not
  wrangle over who won it. --M. Gorbachev
• Do you agree? Is it counter-productive to debate
  who won?

43
The Persian Gulf War, 1991

• August 1990 Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invades
  neighboring Kuwait
• Saddam claims Kuwait belonged historically to
  Iraq
• President Bush saw it as a grab of Kuwait oil
  wealth, a threat to our ally Saudi Arabias
  security and the supply of oil to the west, and
  therefore, a matter of national security
• U.S. public opinion initially opposed direct
  involvement but passing weeks see
• Oil prices rise significantly
• Reports of Iraqi atrocities
  against Kuwait civilians mount
• Diplomatic efforts fail to get
  Saddam to withdraw

44
Operation Desert Storm

• In the Persian Gulf War of 1991, a U.N. supported
  coalition of 28 countries (led by the U.S.)
  invades Kuwait to drive out the Iraqi army
• Plan organized by U.S. Chairman of
  the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen.
  Colin Powell
• Invasion led by U.S. Gen. Norman
  Schwarzkopf
• In 6 weeks Kuwait was liberated
• President Bush chose to end the
  offensive before removing Saddam
  from power, hoping internal Iraqi
  opposition would. It
  didnt
• Despite this, Bushs approval rating
  in Feb. 1991, following Desert
  Storm, soars to 89

45
The Interesting Election of 1992

• Despite Republican George H.W. Bushs high
  approval rating following the Persian Gulf War,
  his popularity quickly eroded because of an
  economic recession that brought high gas prices
  and high unemployment.
• Bill Clinton wins the democratic nomination,
  promising to end the recession and reform health
  care.
• Enter H. Ross Perot, an independent
  candidate and a Texas billionaire
  who campaigns on
  economic issues
  and the fact that he receives no
  money from special interest groups.

46
And the winner is . . .

• Bill Clinton won 370 electoral votes and 43 of
  the popular vote.
• George Bush won 168 electoral votes and 23 of
  the popular vote.
• Ross Perot won no electoral votes, but 19 of the
  popular vote.
• Do you see what happened?
• The effects of 3rd party candidates on
  Presidential elections
• They have never won.
• They often serve as spoilers, by taking votes
  from a major party candidate. In this case,
  Perot appealed to disgruntled Republicans and
  Independents. Bush may have won, if Perot had
  not been in the race.
• Also, 3rd party candidates are able to focus
  national attention on specific issues, forcing
  the major party candidates to tackle those issues
  as well.

47
Another item from the 2013 EOC . . .

• How have major parties reacted to the scenario
  described above?
• By suing the third parties in court for
  campaign-finance violations
• By persuading the third parties to present a new
  platform
• By addressing the issues raised by the third
  parties
• By preventing third parties from holding
  conventions

48
Domestic Issues under Clinton

• In 1993, Bill Clinton put forward a comprehensive
  healthcare reform bill and appointed his wife,
  Hillary, to head the task force.
• After a contentious 2-year battle, the bill was
  defeated.
• During the 1994 congressional elections,
  Republican Newt Gingrich put forward the
  Contract for America, which listed conservative
  principles outlined by the Heritage Foundation.
• When the Republicans won a majority in both
  houses of Congress, Newt Gingrich became Speaker
  of the House.
• In 1995, after a budget showdown between Gingrich
  and Clinton, the House
  Republicans temporarily shutdown
  the government.
• By 1999, the Clinton administration had balanced
  the federal budget and the
  economy was growing jobs
  ?, median income ?, inflation ?, government
  spending ?, government surplus ?.

49
International Issues

• When Clinton became president, he inherited the
  ongoing Balkan Crisis, a series of bloody civil
  wars between different ethnic groups in the
  region, which lasted from 1991-1999.
• The Clinton foreign policy team, served to
  mediate between groups, and the U.S. participated
  as a member of the United Nations Protection
  Force, enforcing arms embargos, protecting
  no-fly zones, and conducting trials for war
  crimes.
• As a member of NATO in 1999, the U.S. helped
  conduct a military campaign in Kosovo, which
  ended in the ouster of the Yugoslavian
  president, Slobodan Miloševic, and an end to the
  civil wars.

50
NAFTA, GATT, and the WTO

• The 1990s were important years for American Trade
  Policy.
• The 1992 North American Free Trade Agreement
  (NAFTA) sought to end barriers for trading and
  investment between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.
  
• It also established trade corridors
  between Mexico and
  Canada.
• Critics say it has led to the loss of thousands
  of jobs to Mexico.
• Supporters say it has tripled the amount of U.S.
  trade with its neighbors Canada and Mexico.
• In 1994, under the General Agreement on Tariffs
  and Trade (GATT treaty), 159 participating
  nations set up the World Trade Organization (or
  WTO) to strengthen international dispute
  settlement procedures.

51
The Clinton Scandal

• In 1998, President Clinton was accused of
  having an extramarital affair with a White-
  house intern named Monica Lewinski.
• Though he denied it at a hearing while under
  oath, he was later forced to admit that it was
  true.
• Consequently, the House of Representatives voted
  to impeach (bring charges against) him for
  perjury.
• In the end, the Senate failed to convict him of
  the charges, saying that the charges did not
  constitute high crimes and misdemeanors which
  is the constitutional requirement for
  impeachment. Clinton was therefore acquitted.

52
2000 Presidential Election

• Republicans nominate Texas Governor George W.
  Bush who spoke of a return to morality and
  respect in the White House and returning much of
  the budget surplus to the public through tax cuts

• Democrats nominate Vice-President Al
  Gore who campaigned on recent economic
  health and wanted to use surplus to bolster
  Social Security and pay down government debt

Enter Ralph Nader . . .
53

• The Green Party nominated liberal consumer
  advocate Ralph Nader, who likely
  pulled votes from the liberal conservation-minded
  Gore

54
Down to the wire . . .

• In the end, the popular election results were as
  follows Gore 48.58, Bush 47.87, and
  Nader 2.74
• The electoral vote was just as close and it all
  came down to Florida. If Gore won Floridas
  electoral votes, hed win. If Bush won Floridas
  votes, hed win. Heres what it looked like in
  Florida when we went to bed that night . . .
• But the next morning
  it was obvious
  that
  there had been some
  
  discrepancies in certain
  
  districts and a recount
  was
  demanded.

55
The Supreme Court decides outcome

• Floridas Republican Secretary of State filed
  suit over the extent of the recount
• The U.S. Supreme Court rules that Floridas 25
  electoral votes go to Bush
• Bush then wins 271 to 266 electoral votes despite
  Gore winning the popular vote

56
Quick Write

• Write a paragraph explaining two ways that
  3rd-party candidates have impacted U.S.
  presidential elections. Provide at least one
  example of a 3rd-party candidate since 1990 who
  may have impacted the outcome of the election.

57
George W. Bush Domestic Issues

• Bushs signature piece of domestic legislation is
  the education reform bill, No Child Left
  Behind. It provided federal funds to states
  who raise their standards.
• The administrations response to the levee
  failure after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 posed
  great challenges and drew public
  criticism.
• In financial matters, the Bush Administration
  enacted the biggest tax cut in U.S. history,
  hoping it will stimulate a slowing economy.
• Financial Crisis 2008-2009 As President Bushs
  second term came to an end, the nations economy
  was in a free fall.

58
Al Qaeda Terrorist Attack

• September 11, 2001- Terrorist Attack on the World
  Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in
  Washington, D.C.
• Led to passage of the U.S.A. Patriot Act of 2001,
  which greatly expanded the governments law
  enforcement and intelligence gathering powers.
• President Bush launches a Global War on Terror
  which has continued from 2001 until today.
• U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan and overthrew the
  Taliban government which had been harboring the
  terrorists. Many al-Qaeda members were
  caught but Osama bin Laden was not.
• In 2003, President Bush invaded Iraq based on
  intelligence information that the Iraqi
  government had developed weapons of mass
  destruction.

59
Two items from the 2013 EOC . . .

• After the attacks on September 11, 2001, how did
  U.S. foreign policy change?
• The administration authorized preemptive strikes
  against nations sponsoring terrorism.
• A program to reduce military bases and personnel
  in Europe was announced.
• Military aid to Pakistan and Afghanistan was
  immediately cut off.
• Diplomatic efforts to negotiate peace between
  Israel and Palestine were abandoned.
• Which headline describes an event that resulted
  from the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001?
• Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations Resume
• Debt Crisis Shakes European Union
• Russia Increases Petroleum Exports
• Troops Deployed to Afghanistan

60
The Obama Administration

• "If there is anyone out there who still doubts
  that America is a place where all things are
  possible who still wonders if the dream of our
  founders is alive in our time who still
  questions the power of our democracy, tonight is
  your answer,"
• Barack Obama, Election night 2008
• 
  Though you were only 6th-graders
• 
  when President Obama was elected,
• 
  think back to how you felt that night.
• 
  Discuss the significance of this
• 
  quote and the election of 2008

61
Responding to the Economic Crisis

• As President Obama took office the economy was
  experiencing the 2nd worst recession since the
  Great Depression.
• Stock prices were falling at an alarming rate.
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of
  2009 - To respond to the Great Recession, the
  primary objective for ARRA was to save and create
  jobs almost immediately.
• Secondary objectives were to provide temporary
  relief programs for those most impacted by the
  recession and invest in infrastructure,
  education, health, and renewable energy.

Dow Jones Industrial Index
62
Current Domestic Issues

• Comprehensive health care reform has been a goal
  of many U.S. Presidents since the Progressive
  Era.
• After much debate, the Affordable Care Act was
  passed and signed by President Obama in March of
  2010.
• Another major issue that is still under debate is
  the need for immigration reform.
• We have now arrived at the point in our
  discussion where we are no longer discussing
  history, but rather the present-day.
• Congratulations!