True or False?

1
True or False?

• If someone does not say hi to you in the hall,
  then you are likely to believe he or she is a
  snob.

2
True or False?

• Even if you resolve not to smoke, if your friends
  are smokers, you are more likely to light up.

3
True or False?

• If you get someone to agree to a small request,
  then you can likely get them to just about
  anything.

4
True or False?

• If you behave in a way that is contrary to your
  beliefs, then you will say you were only
  pretending and your beliefs will stay the same.

5
True or False?

• People are likely to conform to a group only if
  that group has no less than 20 people in it.

6
True or False?

• People will not conform to an authority figure's
  request to shock a person to death.

7
True or False?

• People do worse on a task they are good at if
  they perform it in front of a large group of
  people.

8
True or False?

• People in a group tend to exert more effort than
  when they are alone.

9
True or False?

• When people are in a crowd, they are more likely
  to do things they would not do alone.

10
True or False?

• People who are prejudice become less prejudice if
  they discuss their feelings with others who are
  prejudice.

11
True or False?

• When a group needs to make a decision, it is not
  necessary to appoint someone to play the devils
  advocate.

12
True or False?

• If you believe you will fail math, you may not
  study, which would cause you to fail a math test.

13
True or False?

• Minority groups cannot sway majority opinion, no
  matter how firm they are.

14
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Seventh Edition in Modules

• Social Thinking
• Social Influence
• Social Relations
• Video- Situations Matter

15
So what is the point of Social Psychology?

• To answer questions like
• What drives people to feel hatred?
• Where do prejudices come from?
• What makes a hero motivated?
• How do we think about one another?
• How do we influence one another?
• How do we relate to one another?

16
Social Thinking

• Social Psychology
• scientific study of how we think about,
  influence, and relate to one another

17

So how do we explain peoples behavior?

• Attribution Theory
• tendency to give a causal explanation for
  someones behavior, often by crediting either the
  situation or the persons disposition
• HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OTHERS BEHAVIORS?
• HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OUR OWN BEHAVIOR?
• An attribute is a quality, a feature, a trait.

18
Attribution Theory

• There are two ways that we explain behavior
• Situational attribution
• EXTERNAL CAUSE
• Dispositional attribution
• INTERNAL CAUSE
• But as humans we often ERR.

19
Social Thinking

• Fundamental Attribution Error
• tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers
  behavior, to underestimate the impact of the
  situation and to overestimate the impact of
  personal disposition (activity 32-4)

20
FAE
21
Do we do what we think or do we think therefore
we do?

• Attitude
• belief and feeling that predisposes one to
  respond in a particular way to objects, people
  and events
• Log onto Harvard IAT
• https//implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/

22
Social Thinking

• How we explain someones behavior affects how we
  react to it

23
Social Thinking

• Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes
  as well as by external social influences

24
Social Thinking

• Attitudes follow behavior
• Cooperative actions feed mutual liking

25
Actions Affection Attitude

• Foot in the Door
• Role Playing
• Cognitive Dissonance

26

• Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
• tendency for people who have first agreed to a
  small request to comply later with a larger
  request

27
Social Thinking

• Role
• set of expectations about a social position
• defines how those in the position ought to behave
• Video (Stanford Prison Exp.)
• Zimbardos Ted Talk

28
Stanley Milgrams Experiment

• Obedience-
• Strong social influences can make people conform
  to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty.
• Article and video

29
Social Thinking

• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we
  feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
  inconsistent
• example- when we become aware that our attitudes
  and our actions clash, we can reduce the
  resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

30
As in this cartoon, this is why we find it so
unnerving to watch Obama receive the Noble Peace
Prize while concurrently ordering the invasions
of country after country. His actions speak to
anything but peace
31
To reduce CD

• We tend to adjust our attitudes before we ever
  change our actions.
• Changing our behavior can change how we think and
  how we feel.

Thing to remember
32
Social Thinking

• Cognitive dissonance

33
Social Influence

• Conformity
• adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide
  with a group standard
• Normative Social Influence
• influence resulting from a persons desire to
  gain approval or avoid disapproval (seg. 29, Sc.
  Am. Fr.)

34
Social Influence

• The chameleon effect- best way empathy is
  demonstrated.

35
Social Influence

• Aschs conformity experiments

36
Social Influence

• Informational Social Influence
• influence resulting from ones willingness to
  accept others opinions about reality

37
Social Influence

• Social Facilitation
• improved performance of tasks in the presence of
  others
• occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not
  with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
• Social Loafing
• tendency for people in a group to exert less
  effort when pooling their efforts toward
  attaining a common goal than when individually
  accountable

38
Social Facilitation
39
Check out these images

• Look here

40
Social Influence

• Deindividuation
• loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in
  group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

41
Social Influence

• Group Polarization
• enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes
  through discussion within the group
• Groupthink
• mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for
  harmony in a decision-making group overrides
  realistic appraisal of alternatives

42
Social Relations

• Prejudice
• an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude
  toward a group and its members
• involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,
  and a predisposition to discriminatory action
• Activity- Effects Whats in a Label
• Video- John Stossel Prejudice 2007
• Stereotype
• a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often
  overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
  Video

43
Social Relations

• Does perception change with race? Take IAT

44
Social Relations

• Americans today express much less racial and
  gender prejudice ABC NEWS Clark Study

45
Stereotyping

• Okay, ya?
• Arlene You know my friend Sandra, well she's
  going out with this yuppie
• financial type person called Derrick from that
  riverside development.
• Clare Noooo! Well I never!
• Arlene She is you know. And a right one he is
  too. All these city types are
• the same. Pushy, flashy, big mouthed and full of
  themselves. I bet he drives
• a top-of-the-range Porsche and has an iphone.
• Clare Have you seen him in his car then?
• Arlene No, but I reckon that's what he must
  drive.
• Clare Have you met him?
• Arlene Yea, I bumped into them the other day at
  the shops. When he
• opened his mouth and I heard his yuppie accent, I
  knew what he'd be like.
• Actually he was dead complimentary to me, and
  Sandra says that he's very
• kind and thoughtful. But I know he's still a
  yuppie.
• Clare You're being too hard on him. He's
  probably quite nice.
• Arlene He supports the Phillies!
• Clare Oh well, you were right first time then.

• A stereotype is a rigid judgment made of a person
  based on just one or two characteristics
• 1. In the source, what stereotype does Arlene use
  to judge Derrick? (1)
• 2. What characteristics does she use to arrive at
  this stereotype? (2)
• 3. Give one characteristic that Derrick has which
  goes against this stereotype (1)
• 4. Describe one other common stereotype in
  everyday life and say what characteristics are
  used to arrive at it
• 5. Stereotypes sometimes lead to poor judgments
  of people, yet we all use them. Describe one
  reason why we use stereotypes. (2)

46
Social Relations

• Ingroup
• Us- people with whom one shares a common
  identity
• Outgroup
• Them- those perceived as different or apart
  from ones ingroup

47
Social Relations

• Ingroup Bias
• tendency to favor ones own group
• Scapegoat Theory
• theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
  anger by providing someone to blame
• Just-World Phenomenon
• tendency of people to believe the world is just
• people get what they deserve and deserve what
  they get

48
Social Relations

• Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

49
Social Relations

• Aggression
• any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt
  or destroy (24 The brain)
• Frustration-Aggression Principle
• principle that frustration the blocking of an
  attempt to achieve some goal creates anger,
  which can generate aggression

50
Social Relations

• Conflict
• perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or
  ideas
• Social Trap
• a situation in which the conflicting parties, by
  each rationally pursuing their self-interest,
  become caught in mutually destructive behavior

51
Social Relations- Attractiveness

• Mere Exposure Effect
• repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases
  liking of them
• Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

52
Social Relations

• Passionate Love
• an aroused state of intense positive absorption
  in another
• usually present at the beginning of a love
  relationship
• Companionate Love
• deep affectionate attachment we feel for those
  with whom our lives are intertwined

53
Social Relations

• Equity
• a condition in which people receive from a
  relationship in proportion to what they give to
  it
• Self-Disclosure
• revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
• Altruism
• unselfish regard for the welfare of others

54
Social Relations

• Bystander Effect
• tendency for any given bystander to be less
  likely to give aid if other bystanders are
  present
• video
• article