Islam Chapters 6-7-8

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IslamChapters 6-7-8

• Mr. Bartula
• AP World History

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The Arabian Peninsula ca 600 CE
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The Arabian Peninsula

• Crossroads of trade routes
• Wealthy cities
• Clan rivalries
• Polytheistic
• Mecca, dominated by Umayyad Clan

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Muhammad 570-632

• Rasul Allah 610
• Quran (Recitations)
• Opposition from
• Umayyads
• 622 Hijra (flight)
• 622-630 Exile in Yathrib
• (Medina)
• 630 Conquest of Mecca
• 632 Death

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Tenets of Islam

• Continuation and fulfillment of Judaism and
  Christianity
• The last message of Allah (God) to humanity
• Salvation Religion
• Materialistic rather than spiritual
• Egalitarian (the umma)

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Tenets of Islam

• Patriarchal
• Monotheistic
• Transcendent
• Syncretic

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The Quran

• Divided into surahs (recitations)
• Organized by length of surahs
• Overall Theme submission to the will of Allah.

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Early Examples of Islamic Syncretism

• Praying toward Jerusalem
• The Satanic Verses

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy of worship
  except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God."

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• Salah Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• Zakah charity to the poor

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• Sawm Fasting in the month of Ramadan

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The Five Pillars of Islam

• The Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Sharia
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Mecca
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Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
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Bandar Aceh, Indonesia
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Washington, D.C.
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The Dome of the Rock
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The Early Spread of Islam
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The Dhimmis

• People of the Book
• Tolerated, but must pay taxes
• Some minority groups ( Jews) preferred Muslim
  rule because of toleration.

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Reasons for Islams appeal

• Syncretism
• Easily understood and followed
• Accepting of other faiths
• Equality

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Muslims in the WorldToday
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Countries with the Largest Muslim Population
1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
Arabs make up only 20 of the total Muslim
population of the world.
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The First Islamic Split

• After Muhammads death, his father-in-law Abu
  Bakr became Caliph (Successor)
• The first four Caliphs were relatives of Muhammad
• Rivalry between tribes led to dissension and
  eventually conflict

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Battle of Karbala 680

• Final split between Muslims
• Sunni Muslims
• Shia Muslims

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Sunni Islam

• The majority of Muslims worldwide
• Caliphate can be held by any devout Muslim man
• Some Sunnis are more fundamentalistWahhabism

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Shia Islam

• About 10-15 of worldwide Muslim population.
• Centered in Iran and Iraq
• Only descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of
  Muhammad, can be the rightful Caliph
• Hierarchical, more mystical than Sunnis
• Also called The Twelvers (for the Twelfth Imam)

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The Tomb of Ali, Najaf, Iraq
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The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

• Dar al Islam
• Capital Damascus
• Wealth and luxury
• Mawalis not equal to Arab Muslims
• Increasingly secular (non-religious)

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Dar al Islam
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Dar alIslam

• International trade and commerce
• Muslims encouraged merchants and trade
• Close cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and
  Christians
• Many major cities and urban areas

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Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
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The Abbasid Caliphate 758-1258

• Disaffected Mawalis overthrew Umayyads
• Abbasid capital Baghdad
• Mawalis equal to Arab Muslims
• Dhimmis tolerated

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The Abbasid Palace in Baghdad
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Abbasid Gardens in Baghdad
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Muslim Garden
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Cordoba
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Cordoba
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Cordoba
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Cairo
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Islamic Science

• Islam encouraged scientific study to demonstrate
  Allahs power
• The Muslim need to pray facing Mecca required
  knowledge of geometry and astronomy
• Muslims preserved and expanded classical science
• Jews, Christians, and Muslims all participated in
  a flowering of science, art, philosophy, and
  culture

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Muslim Observatory at Samarkand
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Al-Haytham Founder of Modern Optics
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Al-Biruni mathematician, astronomer, and
geographer
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Ibn Sina (Avicenna) physician and philosopher
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The Crusades

• In 1095 the Turks restricted European visits to
  the Holy Land
• Pope Urban VII and other European leaders called
  for a crusade to free the Holy Land from the
  infidels
• The Seljuk Turks became the dominant Muslim power
  in the Middle East after 1071

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• Eight Crusades between 1095-late 1200s
• Only the First Crusade succeeded, temporarily, in
  putting the Holy Land under European control.
• Europeans were exposed to the higher culture of
  Dar alIslam
• Little or no effect on Muslims from the Europeans.

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Abbasid Decline

• Invasions of the Middle East by Seljuk Turks and
  others weakened central authority
• The Abbasids became more Persian and less
  Arabic in culture, thus distancing themselves
  from the Muslim heartland
• In 1258 the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid
  Caliphate
• Cultural and Economic growth continued despite
  political decline.

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The spread of Islam to India and Southeast Asia
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711 Muslims invade India

• India weak and decentralized since the collapse
  of the Gupta Dynasty
• Muslim invaders conquered much of northern India
  and established a capital at Delhi (Delhi
  Sultanate)
• Hindus and Buddhists regarded as dhimmis by their
  Muslim rulers.

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• Islam attracted many lower caste Indians
• Brahmin leaders practiced syncretism to keep
  Hindus from converting.
• The majority of Indians remained Hindu, but
  Muslims remained rulers
• India was now part of Dar alIslam and its
  trading empire

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• Indian science and mathematics were adopted and
  spread by the Muslims

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• Wrongly calling them Arabic Numerals, Europeans
  adopted Indian numerals during their Middle Ages.

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Islamic Influence in India
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Sufism Another Branch of Islam

• Mystical sect with Hindu and Buddhist elements
• Developed in India and in Southeast Asia

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Islam in Southeast Asia

• Southeast Asia was a transfer point for goods
  moving from China to the Middle East.
• Muslim merchants carried Islamic culture into
  Southeast Asia after the collapse of the
  Buddhist empire of Srivijaya.

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Angkor Wat A Symbol of Religious Syncretism
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Hindu Temple at Angkor Wat
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Buddhism at Angkor Wat
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Islam at Angkor Wat
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Islam in Africa
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Africa Before Islam

• Stateless societies based on kinship groups
• Animistic religions
• Christianity in Ethiopia
• Market economies based on agriculture
• Iron metallurgy
• Little technology and no industry
• Trade and Commerce

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Islam in Africa

• 640-700 North Africa became part of Dar alIslam
• Islam spread south over trans-Saharan caravan
  routes
• The three coasts of Africa facilitated Islams
  spread

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• Islam was successful because syncretism allowed
  it to accommodate ideas from indigenous groups
  and religions
• Islam also succeeded because it was introduced by
  wealthy merchants carrying desirable goods

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Mali
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Timbuktu
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Islam on the Swahili Coast

• The East Coast of Africa is called the Swahili
  Coast
• This region was in contact with the Middle East
  and India through Indian Ocean trade.
• Islam spread along the coast, but indigenous
  religions dominated the interiors.