STOP-1

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• PowerPoint Handout for Todays Webinar
• FHWA Unsignalized Intersections Countermeasures
• Issue Briefs Sheet 8 Toolbox of Countermeasures
  Crash Reduction Factors

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Agenda Improving Safety for Stop Controlled
Intersections

• Overview of Stop Controlled Intersection Safety
• Identify Proven Countermeasures to Improve Safety
  of Stop Controlled Intersections
• Review Application of Countermeasures to Stop
  Controlled Intersections

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2006 U.S. National Total Crash Characteristics
Crash Type Total Crashes Total Crashes Fatalities Injuries Fatalities Injuries
Number Percent Number Percent
Non-Intersection 2,724,000 47 766,849 44
Stop and No Control Intersection 2,021,000 32 544,236 31
Signalized Intersection 1,228,000 21 434,915 25
Total 5,973,000 100 1,746,000 100
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U.S. YEARLY Average Number of FATAL INJURY
Crashes by TRAFFIC CONTROL (2002 - 2006)
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Unsignalized Intersection Countermeasures
NCHRP 500 Volume 5 A Guide for
Addressing Unsignalized Intersection Collisions
FHWA Briefing Sheet 8 Crash Reduction
Factors for Intersections
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Unsignalized Intersection Safety Strategies

• Unsignalized Intersection Safety Strategies
  
• Individual Strategy Sheets for each of the 49
  Unsignalized Intersection Strategies
• from NCHRP 500 Volume 5 A Guide for Addressing
  Unsignalized Intersection Collisions

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The Two Overall Principles for Stop Controlled
Intersections

• Clarify
• Simplify

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Improving Safety for Stop Controlled Intersections

• Apply Clarify and Simplify

• Provide info in advance of where it is needed
  (warning navigation)
• Spread decisions
• Keep workload at medium level
• Maximize visibility of warning and Stop signs
  beacons

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
1.Warning

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
2. Enhanced Warning

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

Double-Up CRF 31
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Applying Clarify and Simplify
3. Enhanced Warning

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

Warning Beacons CRF 25
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Applying Clarify and Simplify
2. Enhanced Warning

• Add Advance Transverse Rumble CRF 28

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
4. Guide

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
5. Regulatory Right-of-Way

• Stop Sign on outside of large right turn radius
  is too far out of center attention window of
  driver

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
5. Regulatory Right-of-Way

• Add Stop Sign on Island to Enhance Visibility
• CRF 11
• Right Hand Supplementary Stop Sign

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Applying Clarify and Simplify
6. Regulatory Right-of-Way

• Double Up Stop Signs
• CRF 11

CRF 11 total crashes CRF 55 Rt Angle Crashes
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Applying Clarify and Simplify
7. STOP Beacon

• Add Stop Beacon CRF 30

• All-Way Stop of 2 rural State Highways

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Questions and Discussion
Applying Clarify and Simplify
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ALERTing Drivers - Warning Signs for Stop
Controlled Intersections

• 1. Advance Warning Signing
• A. for Unexpected Conditions
• B. for Intersections
• C. Enhanced Advance Warning
• D. for Right-of-Way Controls
• E. Flashers for Intersection Warning
• F. Actuated Flashers for Intersection Warning
• 2. Advance Transverse Rumble Strips
• 3. Automated Real-Time Advance Warning

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Warning Signing Countermeasures
1.A Advance Warning Signs

• Purpose to call attention to unexpected
  conditions and to situations that might not be
  readily apparent to road users

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Is this Intersection as safe as it could be?
Discussion

• What are the Safety Effects of Intersection
  Warning Signs?
• Lets list them

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Is this Intersection as safe as it could be?
Discussion

• What are the Safety Effects of Intersection
  Warning Signs?
• Lets list them

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.B Advance Intersection Warning Signs

Tried
CRF 30 Urban CRF 40 Rural
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E1 Improve
Visibility of Intersections by providing enhanced
signing
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Warning Signing Countermeasures
1.B Advance Intersection Warning Signs
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E1 Improve
Visibility of Intersections by providing enhanced
signing

• Supplemental Plaques and Auxiliary Signs

• Advisory Speed Plaques
• Street Name Signs
• Unexpected Conditions

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1. C. Enhanced Countermeasures for Intersections
  on Curves
• - Add Location of Side Roads

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.C Enhanced Countermeasures for Intersections on
  Curves

Permissible Additions to standard Horizontal
Alignment symbol signs provide positive guidance
to drivers
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Advance Warning Countermeasures
Section 2A.15 Enhanced Conspicuity for Signing
January 2, 2008 Notice of Proposed Rule Making

• A. Increasing the size
• B. Doubling-up of a standard regulatory, warning,
  or guide sign by adding a second identical sign
  on the left-hand side of the roadway.
• C. Adding a solid yellow or fluorescent yellow
  rectangular header panel above a standard sign
• D. Adding a NEW plaque (see Section 2C.67) above
  a new standard regulatory or warning sign, for a
  period of time determined by engineering
  judgment, to call attention to the new sign.
• E. Adding one or more red flags (cloth or
  retroreflective sheeting) above a sign
• F. Adding a solid red or fluorescent red strip of
  retroreflective sheeting at least 75 mm (3 in)
  wide around the perimeter of a standard
  regulatory sign.

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Advance Warning Countermeasures
Section 2A.15 Enhanced Conspicuity for Signing
January 2, 2008 Notice of Proposed Rule Making

• G. Adding a solid yellow, a solid fluorescent
  yellow, or a diagonally striped black and yellow
  (or black and fluorescent yellow) strip of
  retroreflective sheeting at least 75 mm (3 in)
  wide around the perimeter of a standard warning
  sign.
• H. Adding a warning beacon (see Section 4L.03) to
  a standard regulatory (other than a STOP or a
  Speed Limit sign), warning, or guide sign.
• I. Adding a speed limit sign beacon (see Section
  4L.04) to a standard Speed Limit sign.
• J. Adding a stop beacon (see Section 4L.05) to a
  STOP sign.
• K. Adding light emitting diode (LED) units within
  the symbol or legend of a sign or border of a
  standard regulatory, warning, or guide sign
• L. Using other methods that are specifically
  allowed for certain signs as described elsewhere
  in this Manual.

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.C Enhanced Warning Signing

Fluorescent Yellow
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E1 Improve
Visibility of Intersections by providing enhanced
signing
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Warning Signing Countermeasures
1.C Enhanced Warning Signing
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E5 Install larger
warning signs at Intersections

• Increasing Size of Sign 36 x 36 rather than 30
  x 30

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.C Enhanced Warning Signing
• Increasing Size of Sign by Mounting on
  Large Background

NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E5 Install larger
warning signs at Intersections
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Advance Warning Countermeasures

• 1.C Enhanced Advance Warning -Doubling-Up

Double-Up of Advance Warning Signs
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E1 Improve Visibility
of Intersections by providing enhanced signing
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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.D STOP AHEAD Pavement Markings

CRF 15
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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.E Enhanced Advance Warning for Right-of-Way
  Controls - Doubling-Up

Double-Up of Advance Warning Signs
Tried
CRF 31
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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 1.F Flashers for Intersection Warning Signs

Stop Ahead with Flasher
Tried
CRF 25 All Crashes
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Warning Signing Countermeasures
2. Advance Transverse Rumble Strips
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E6 Install Rumble
Strips on Intersection Approaches

• Rumble Strips are particularly appropriate on
  stop-controlled approaches to rural intersections
  
• 28 Crash Reduction
• Key to effectiveness is to apply sparingly so
  that they retain their surprise value in
  gaining driver attention
• No consensus
• Noise is a potential problem
• Potential loss of control for motorcycles

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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• 2. Advance Transverse Rumble Strips

In Advance of Rural Stop Signs
CRF 28 All Crashes
Option Omit Rumble Bar in Middle 2 for
Motorcycles
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Warning Signing Countermeasures

• Review Questions What is the Crash Reduction
  for an Advance Intersection Warning Sign?

• CRF 40 reduction in crashes, Rural

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Questions and Discussion
Warning Signing Countermeasures
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

1. Increase Size
2. Add Retroreflective Sleeves to posts
3. Double-Up
4. Enhance Visibility (stop sign on island)
5. Overhead Placement
6. Plaques
7. Stop Beacons
8. Restrict Parking near Intersections

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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 1. Increase Size

• Oversized STOP Signs

NCHRP 500, Objective 17.1 E5 Install larger
regulatory signs
CRF 19
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 2. Retroreflective sleeves and flags

Flagging
Sleeve
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 3. Double-Up

Doubled up Stop Signs Left and Right Hand
Side of Two-Lane Road
CRF 11 total crashes CRF 55 Rt Angle Crashes
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 3. Double-Up

Doubled up Stop Signs
CRF 11 total crashes CRF 55 Rt Angle Crashes
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 4. Enhance Visibility
• (Supplemental
• Stop Sign
• in Island)

NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E3 Install Splitter
Islands on Minor Road Approaches
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 4. Enhance visibility
• (Stop Sign in Island)

Two Stop Signs
NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E3 Install Splitter
Islands on Minor Road Approaches
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 5. Overhead Mounted Stop Signs

NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E8 Overhead Mounted
Stop Signs
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 6. Auxiliary Plaques

Plaques are required for multiway Stops
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 7. Intersection Beacons

Red-Yellow CRF 25
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 7. Stop Beacons

STOP Beacon Mounted on Top of Stop Sign
CRF 30
NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E11 Flashing Beacons
at Stop-Controlled Intersections
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 7. Stop Beacons

Overhead Simultaneous Flashing Stop Beacons
-Most Effective Application
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 8. Restrict Parking on Intersection Approaches

CRF 49
NCHRP 500, Objective 17.2 G5 Restrict or
Eliminate Parking on Intersection Approaches
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• 9. Lighting

• CRF 30 (Elvik Vaa)

NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E2-Improve Visibility of
Intersection by Providing Lighting (P)
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STOP Control Intersection Countermeasures

• Questions?

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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures

• Install Splitter Islands on the Minor Road
  Approach to an Intersection

Splitter Island

• Call Attention to the presence of the
  Intersection

NCHRP 500, Strategy 17.1 E3 Install Splitter
Islands on Minor Road Approaches
CRF 45 3-Approach CRF 40 4-Approach
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 1 Narrow travel lanes by striping on
Main highway
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 1 Narrow travel lanes by striping on
Main highway
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 1 Narrow travel lanes by striping on
Main highway
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 1 Narrow travel lanes by striping on
Main highway
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 2 Add splitter Island on side road
approaches
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 2 Add splitter Island on side road
approaches
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 2 Add splitter Island on side road
approaches
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures
Concept 2 Add splitter Island on side road
approaches
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Low Cost Intersection Safety Measures Review

• What are your suggestions to reduce turning and
  crossing crashes at this 2-way stop control rural
  intersection?

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Improving Safety of Stop Controlled
Intersections Review

• What are your suggestions to reduce turning and
  crossing crashes at this 2-way stop control rural
  intersection?

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Agenda Improving Safety for Stop Controlled
Intersections

• Overview of Stop Controlled Intersection Safety
• Identified Proven Countermeasures to Improve
  Safety of Stop Controlled Intersections
• Reviewed Application of Countermeasures to Stop
  Controlled Intersections

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Improving Safety of Stop Controlled Intersections

• Questions?

Contact Info fred.ranck_at_fhwa.dot.gov mark.doctor_at_
fhwa.dot.gov
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