The Carbohydrates

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The Carbohydrates
Dr Nada BENAJIBA 0553991271, benajibanada_at_hotmail
.com
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Definition

• Are neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
  oxygen
• Chemical formula (CH2O)n
• Basic fuel source (energy) sources because of
• Their availability
• Their relatively low cost
• Their storage capacity.

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Classification

• Simple carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide
• Disaccharide
• Complex carbohydrates
• Glycogen
• Starch
• Fibers

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Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides C6H12O6
Basic currency of energy in the body
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Condensation
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Hydrolysis
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Disaccharides
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Oligosaccharides

• Components of cell membranes
• Humans lack enzymes to digest oligosaccharides
  causing bloating, cramps, gas
• Sources dried beans, soybeans, peas, lentils

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Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
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Dietary Fiber

• Not digestible
• Poor fiber in diet ? Body takes water out of
  waste gt dry and hard waste ? Constipation
  Hemorrhoids
• Important in health promotion and disease
  prevention ? Many health organizations recommend
  increasing intake of dietary fibers
• Divided into two groups based on solubility
• Soluble fibers Viscous Fermentable
• Insoluble fibers Non-viscous

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Viscous Fibers
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Viscous Fibers
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Digestion
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Absorption
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Constancy of Blood Glucose insulin and glucagon
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Constancy of Blood Glucose
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Constancy of Blood Glucose
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Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Storing glucose as glycogen
• Using glucose for energy
• Making glucose from protein
• Gluconeogenesis
• Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates
• Making ketone bodies from fat fragments
• Ketone bodies ? Ketosis ? affects acid-base
  balance
• Converting glucose to fat
• Energetically expensive

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Constancy of Blood Glucose
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Constancy of Blood Glucose Glycemic response
and Glycemic index

• The glycemic response refers to how quickly
  glucose is absorbed after a person eats, how high
  blood glucose rises, and how quickly it returns
  to normal.
• A low glycemic response Slow absorption, a
  modest rise in blood glucose, and a smooth return
  to normal ? good for health
• A high glycemic response Fast absorption, a
  surge in blood glucose, and an overreaction that
  plunges glucose back to normal ? not good for
  health
• Different foods have different effects on blood
  glucose.

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Constancy of Blood Glucose

• Glycemic response
• Glycemic index

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Lactose Intolerance

• As people age, upward of 75 of the worlds
  people lose the ability to produce the enzyme
  lactase which digests lactose ? Lactase
  deficiency
• Symptoms after consuming lactose-containing
  products
• Nausea
• Pain
• Diarrhea
• Excessive gas
• Often people overestimate the severity of their
  lactose intolerance
• Alternatives include
• Lactose-free milk
• Cheese
• Yogurt
• Calcium-fortified juices, soymilk, canned
  sardines

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RDA Starch and Fiber

• RDA for carbohydrate
• 130 g/day
• 50-55 total daily energy intake
• Sugars No more than 25 of total daily energy
  intake
• Daily Value 300 g/day
• Fiber
• Daily Value 25 g/day
• AI 14 g/1000 kcal/day

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Health effects of sugars ? Nutrient deficiencies
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Sugars

• Health effects of sugars
• Dental caries
• Dental plaque

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Accusations against Sugars

• Sugar causes
• Obesity
• heart disease
• misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in
  adults
• cravings and addictions

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Guidelines to Groceries

• Grains

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Alternatives to Sugar Sweeteners

• Consumed in order to control
• weight gain by reducing calories intake
• blood glucose,
• dental caries
• Different sweetners
• Artificial sweeteners nonnutritive sweeteners
  because they provide virtually no energy
• Stevia herbal products from a plant whose
  leaves is now be used as an additive in a
  variety of foods and beverages
• Sugar alcohols provide bulk and sweetness in
  cookies, hard candies, sugarless gums, jams, and
  jellies.

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Alternatives to Sugar
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