TAXONOMY

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TAXONOMY

• BY SHAKTI NADAR
• BSc BOTANY

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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

• MORPHOLOGY STUDYOF EXTERNAL FORM STRUCTURE
• ANATOMY STUDY OF INTERNAL (SECTIONS) STRUCTURES
• HISTOLOGY STUDY OF TISSUES UNDER MICROSCOPE
• PHYSIOLOGY STUDYOF PROCESSES FUNCTIONS OF
  ORGANISMS

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INTRODUCTION

• TAXONOMY
• IT IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
• IT DEALS WITH THE IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION
  NOMENCLATURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS

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INTRODUCTION

• SYSTEMATICS THE STUDY OF ORGANISMS COMPARITIVE
  EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
• CLASSIFICATION IT IS A SUB-TOPIC OF SYSTEMATICS,
  DELS WITH ORDERING OF ORGANISMS
• TAXONOMY IT IS THE STUDY OF PRINCIPLES
  PROCEDURE OF CLASSIFICATION

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EVOLUTION

• EVOLUTION is study of cumulative changes in the
  characteristics of population organisms that
  occur during the course of time in response to
  changes in the environment
• The theory of evolution is the foundation upon
  which all of modern biology is built

• Charles Darwin

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HISTORY

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) provided concepts of
  evolutionary change through time
• Subsequent botanists incorporated these into
  classifications
• A different way to view taxa?groupings on an
  evolutionary tree

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Cont

• Knowledge commonly inscribed on walls of temples
  (e.g., Karnak)
• Systematic knowledge originated as medicinal and
  economically useful plants during Egyptian times
• Increasing written lore on uses of plants as
  medicines, food, ornamentals

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Cont

• Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.), pupil of Aristotle,
  created first artificial plant groupings based
  on habit (De Historia Plantarum)
• Dioscorides (ca. 60 A.D.) wrote treatise on
  medicinal plants (De Materia Medica)
• Greeks and Romans expanded knowledge to other
  plant life

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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

• ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
• CARLOS LINNAEUS
• HABBIT OF PLANT
• NO. UNION LENGTH
• OF STAMEN

• PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM
• ADOLF ENGLER KARL PRANTL
• EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
• GENITIC RELATIONSHIP
• ETC

• NATURAL SYSTEM
• BENTHAM HOOKER
• NATURAL AFFINITIES

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Why is classification important?

• THERE ARE MANY ORGANISMS

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Why is classification important?

• SOME ARE SIMILAR

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Why is classification important?

• SOME ARE LESS SIMILAR

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Why is classification important?

• SOME VERY DISSIMILAR

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Cont

• THERE ARE
• 1 million species of plants,
• 5-10 million species of animals
• fungi, bacteria, etc.
• no good estimates of numbers of species
• Human mind needs to organize information

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Cont

• The main aim of a taxonomic study is to assign
  organism an appropriate place in a systematic
  framework of classification.
• This framework is called TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

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TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• 
  Genus
• 
  Species
• King Phil called old fat George stupid.

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TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

• Kingdom
• Division
• Class
• Cohort
• Family
• 
  Genus
• 
  Species

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FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

• Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

• R.H.WHITTAKER (1769)

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FATHER OF TAXONOMY

• Swedish Botanist
• May 23, 1701 -
• Jan. 10, 1778
• He based his plant classification system on the
  plants method of reproduction and structure of
  reproductive parts
• Introduced binomial
• nomenclature

• Carolus Linneaus
• (aka Karl von Linné)

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• The system of giving scientific names to each of
  the identified plant or animal.
• The names are unique and universally accepted.
• Names consist of 2 parts hence called BINOMIAL
• Names are in Greek and Latin

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Cont

• 1st part is GENUS NAME - NOUN
• 2nd part is SPECIES NAME ADJECTIVE
• E.g.
• shoe flower-
• Hibiscus rosasinensis
• lion-
• Panthera leo

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Cont

• Three codes
• Animals
• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
• Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
• Bacteria Etc
• International Code of Nomenclature of
  Prokaryotes

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Plant classification
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TOPICS COVERED

• INTRODUTION
• HISTORY
• SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
• HIERARCHY
• FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
• NOMENCLATURE

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THANK YOU