Enlightenment

1
Enlightenment Revolution

• Chapter 6 Section 1
• Mr. Porter
• World History 9th Grade

2
The Scientific Revolution

• Prior 1500, people generally decided what was
  true or false by early Greek and Roman authors or
  the Bible itself.
• After 1500, scholars began to look at nature
  itself and developing their own theories and
  ideas.
• These new theories would not only affect science
  but also affect the church.

3
Scientific Revolution

• A new way of thinking while replacing old
  assumptions by ancient thinkers and the church.
• Exploration to Africa, Asia and the Americas.
• New research in science and mathematics.
• Science began to look at the world around them
  more closely

4
Middle Ages

• Scholars believed that the earth was the center
  of the universe.
• Geocentric Theory
• Ptolemy Universe
• Christianity taught that the earth was the center

5
The Heliocentric Theory

• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Earth, Planets and stars revolve around the sun.
• He published his book 1543.
• Other researchers would continue to add the
  Copernicus work.

6
Johannes Kepler

• Continued to explore planetary motion.
• Discovered that the planets revolve in an
  elliptical orbits.
• He was able to prove Copernicuss ideas to be
  true.
• It was more proof that the planets revolve around
  the sun.

• Johannes Kepler

7
Galileos Discoveries

• Italian Scientist who built his own telescope to
  study the sky.
• 1610 Published Star Messenger
• Jupiter had four moons
• Sun had dark spots
• Proved Aristotle theory to be wrong. (Moon Sun
  were not made of pure substance)

• Galileo Galilei

8
Galileos Discoveries

• Because of his discoveries he fell out of favor
  in both the catholic and protestant church.
• He was warned in 1616 by the Catholic Church not
  to support Copernicus ideas.
• He remained silent until 1632 when he published a
  book supporting Copernicus theory.

• Galileo Galilei

9
Galileos Discoveries

• Galileo was brought before the Pope to stand
  trial in 1633.
• Under the threat of torture by the Inquisition,
  he agreed that Copernicus ideas were false.
• Galileo remained under house arrest until his
  death in 1642.

• Galileo Galilei

10
Scientific Method

• With the new ideas brought on by Galileo,
  Copernicus and Kepler a new type of science came
  about.
• Scientific Method- a logical procedure for
  gathering and testing ideas.
• Scientists would come up with a problem
• Scientists would form a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Analyze the data and make a conclusion

11
Sir Francis Bacon

• English statesmen and writer, passion for
  science.
• Attack medieval scholars of Aristotle
• Supported abstract thinkers who used experiment
  to draw conclusions.
• Empiricism

12
Rene Descartes

• French Intellectual
• Developed analytical geometry
• Published Geometry in 1637 which link geometry
  and algebra to create analytical geometry
• Science and math could explain everything in
  nature

13
Rene Descartes

• Everything should be doubted until proven by
  reason
• Used math and science to prove his logic
• I think, therefore I am

14
Isaac Newton

• English Scientist who studied math physics
• Discovered that the same force that ruled motion
  of the planets and all matter on earth and space.
• 1687 Published The Mathematical Principles of
  Natural Philosophy

15
Great Inventions of the Time

• First Microscope invented in 1590 by Zacharias
  Janssen
• In 1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria
• Also examined red blood cells

16
Great Inventions Cont.

• 1643 Evangelista Torricelli developed the first
  mercury barometer.
• 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit developed the thermometer
  w/mercury in which water freezes at 32 degrees.
• 1742 Anders Celsius developed a scale in which
  water freezes at 0 degrees.

17
Medical Ideas

• Andreas Vesalius dissected a human corpses and
  published his observations.
• He published detailed drawings of human organs,
  bones and muscle.
• Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine to prevent
  smallpox.
• Used inoculation of the smallpox germs (very
  dangerous)
• Jenner would use a cowpox sample to inoculate
  humans with (less dangerous)

18
Chemistry

• Robert Boyle used scientific method in chemistry
  (founder of modern chemistry)
• He proposed that matter is made up of smaller
  particles that are joined together in different
  ways.
• Boyles Law which explains how volume,
  temperature and pressure of gas affect each
  other.