Unit 1: Applications of Matter and Chemical Change

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Unit 1 Applications of Matter and Chemical
Change Synthetic materials are man-made.
Provide examples Alloy (pg. 10) mixture of
several types of metals that have properties of
the original metals that make up the alloy.
Polymers (pg. 9) A large molecule made up of
many small and identical sub-molecules. Soap
(pg. 7) How does it work? Soap consists of a
two-ended molecule. One end of the molecule
dissolves in grease and the other dissolves in
water. This reaction enables us to wash away
grease. HHPS (pg. 12) hazardous household
product symbols make sure you know what the
HHPS and WHMIS symbols look like and what they
stand for. WHMIS symbols (pg. 19) MSDS, WHMIS
label, worker education. Chemical reactions
substances that you begin with are referred to as
the reactants. After the chemical reaction, you
are left with the products.
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Indicators of chemical change -gases may be
given off-new solids may be formed
(precipitate)-colour changes may occur-release
or absorption of energy-odours given
off Combustion reaction fuel burns in the
presence of oxygen.Complete combustion fuel
oxygen ? carbon dioxide water
energyIncomplete combustion fuel oxygen ?
carbon monoxide carbon carbon dioxide water
vapour energy. Neutralization reaction when
an acid is added to a base to produce a compound
and water. Exothermic reactions energy is
released into its surroundings. Endothermic
reactions chemical changes that absorb energy.
Eg. the initial temperature of water mixed with
ammonium chloride is 21oC, and the final
temperature of the mixture is 12oC.
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Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Simple
Composition Reaction(pg. 44) - Two or more
elements combine to form a compound. Whenever you
see two elements as reactants, you know that th
reaction is a simple composition reaction. The
product is always a compound. Most simple
composition reactions are exothermic. Element1
Element2 ---gt Compound 2. Simple Decomposition
Reaction(pg. 45) - A reaction that breaks a
compound into its component elements is known as
a simple decomposition reaction. Whenever you see
a compound as the only reactant, you know the
reactioln is a simple decomposition reaction. The
products are always the elements. Most
decompostion reactions are endothermic Compound
---gt Element1 Element2 3. Combustion Reactions
(pg. 48)- A reaction in which a substance
combines with oxygen to produce heat the light.
This occurs when things burn. fuel oxygen ---gt
carbon dioxide water vapour energy 4.
Neutralization Reactions (pg. 48) - A reaction in
which an acid reacts with a base to produce a
form of salt and water. This is the type of
reaction that occurs if you take an antacid. acid
base ---gt salt water
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Identifying common gases (pg. 26 27) Carbon
dioxide Put a few drops of limewater in a test
tube. Limewater turns cloudy in the presence of
carbon dioxide gas.Insert a glowing wooden
splint into the test tube. If the flame
re-ignites, this indicates the presence of oxygen
gas.Insert a burning wooden splint into the test
tube. If the gas suddenly causes a squeal or
pop, this indicates the presence of hydrogen
gas. Law of Conservation of Mass In a chemical
reaction, matter is not created or destroyed. If
you start a reaction with 10 g of reactants, you
will end up with 10 g of products.
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Balancing word equations 3Li (s) 2H2O(l) --gt
2LiOH (l) H2(g)- not balanced (There are 3 Li
on the left and only 2 on the right. There are 4
H on the left and only 3 on the right). How many
atoms of each element are on the reactant
side?The coefficient 3 in front of Li (lithium)
means there are 3 molecules of lithium. The
coefficient 2 in front of H2O means there are 2
molecules of H2O.2H2O 2H2 2OThe subscript 2
(2) beside hydrogen tells us that there are two
hydrogen atoms in each H2 molecule.H2 H HSo
2H2 H H H H 4 hydrogen atoms2O O O
2 oxygen atomsHow many atoms of each element
are on the product side?The coefficient 2 in
front of LiOH means there are 2 molecules of
LiOH2LiOH 2Li 2O 2HSo there are 2 atoms
of lithium, 2 atoms of oxygen, and 2 atoms of
hydrogen.In the next compound, the subscript 2
(2) beside hydrogen tells us there are two
hydrogen atoms in each H2 molecule.H2 H HIs
this equation balanced?reactant side 3 lithium
atoms, 4 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen
atomsproduct side 2 lithium atoms, 2 oxygen
atoms, and 4 hydrogen atomsNo, the equation is
not balanced because there are 3 lithium atoms on
the reactant side, and only 2 lithium atoms on
the product side.
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Chemical formulas Eg. How many of each type of
atom is in C6H12O6? Ans. Carbon 6
atomsHydrogen 12 atomsOxygen 6 atoms. What
happened in the Halifax Explosion in 1917? The
Greenhouse Effect (pg. 62) Acids and Bases (pg.
67) Liming During liming, calcium carbonate is
added to the waters of an acid lake. The calcium
carbonate neutralizes the acidic water, thus
raising the pH of the lake water. Sulphur
Scrubbing (pg. 68) Scrubbers remove the sulphur
from the smokestack before it reaches the
atmosphere. Make sure you read through figure
4.8 on page 68 and have and understanding of the
chemical reactions involved in scrubbing.
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Corrosion (pg. 69) any process that chemically
breaks down or degrades metal. Corrosion/rusting
of iron 4Fe(s) 3O2(g) ? 2Fe2O3(s) Corrosion
is an example of a simple composition
reaction. Sacrificial Metal (pg. 73)
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Unit 2 Understanding Common Energy Conversion
Systems Energy is the ability to do work. Forms
of energyPotential energy is stored energy that
can be converted to other forms. (pg. 82) Kinetic
energy is energy due to motion. Thermal
energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Energy
conversion systems (pg. 86) input energy ?
converter ? output energy Eg. electric kettle
input (electricity) ? converter (heating element)
? output (heat to warm water) Law of conservation
of energy input energy useful output energy
waste output energy
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Thomas Carbide Wilson invented one of Canadas
earliest electric generators. Generating electric
energy (pg. 102) hydro-electric,
thermo-electric (pg. 104), thermonuclear. (pg
106). Electric power involves the movement of
electrons from the power source to the
customer. The speed of movement of electrons is
called current and is measured in amperes. The
electric force moving the electrons is called
voltage and is measured in volts. The product
of the current and the voltage is power. Power is
measured in watts. Work force x
distance Example A wagon is pushed with a force
of 5 newtons a distance of 3 meters. How much
work is done?
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Work force x distance Example A wagon is
pushed with a force of 5 newtons a distance of 3
meters. How much work is done? Use the formula
for work that you know and substitute in the
values you are given. work F x dwork 5 N x
3 mwork 15 N.m or 15 joules Power is the rate
at which energy is transferred. The following
formula can be used to calculate power. Power is
measured in Joules/second (J/s) or Watts
(W). power energy/time Please refer to pages
108 - 109 to see how the formula can be used to
calculate power.
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Example Question An aquarium light bulb uses 7 J
of electric energy in one second. How many watts
of power does this light bulb consume is 3
s?Ans. What you know power ? energy 7J
time 1s power energy/timeWhat you want to
find out? - How much power is consumed?Use the
formula power energy/time 7J/1s 7
J/sExpress as watts The light bulb uses 7W of
power in 1s.Amount used in 3s 7 W/s x 3s
21WIf the bulb uses 7J of electric energy in one
second, then it must use three times as much in 3
seconds.power 3s x 7J 21W
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Energy power x time Percent efficiency of an
electric device useful energy output/total
electric energy input x 100 (pg. 112) Example
Question An incandescent light bulb uses 30 000
J of electric energy. It emits only 900 J of
useful energy. What is the efficiency of the
light bulb? Ans. What you know useful energy
output 900 Jtotal electric energy input 30
000 Jpercent efficiency of device useful
energy output/total electric energy input x
100What you want to find out? - What is the
efficiency fo the incandescent light bulb?Use
the formula percent efficiency of device
useful energy output/total electric energy input
x 100900J/30 000J x 100 3
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Photosynthesis (pg. 118) Carbon dioxide water
energy ? glucose oxygen Respiration (pg.
119) Glucose oxygen ? carbon dioxide water
energy Benedicts solution indicator used to
test for the presence of glucose. When no
glucose is present, benedicts solution is
blue. Energy conversion plants to animals (pg.
122). Only about 10 of the energy in one level
is transferred to the next level. The other 90
is used for normal life functions such as
movement, growth, and reproduction. Sources of
Energy carbohydrates, proteins, fats (pg.
125-127)
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Metabolism (pg. 131) the rate at which your body
uses energy. Affected by age, time of day,
exercise, level of fitness. Formation of Fossil
Fuels (pg. 136). How are fossil fuels
formed? The coal used to generate most of
Albertas electricity is sub-bituminous. Extractio
n of fossil fuels (pg. 138) Fractional
distillation process used to refine petroleum.
Combustion (pg. 48) Fuel oxygen gas ? carbon
dioxide gas water Incomplete Combustion (pg.
61) occurs when there is not enough oxygen
available. The products produced by incomplete
combustion include carbon monoxide, carbon,
carbon dioxide, water and energy. Problems
associated with use of fossil fuels greenhouse
gases, acid deposition
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Unit 3 Disease Defence and Human
Health Microbes that cause disease are called
pathogens. Pathogens include Bacteria need
warm temperatures, moisture and food to thrive.
Bacteria can be killed by antibiotics.Viruses
smaller than bacteria. Reproduce by taking over
cells in the body. Fungi - include molds,
yeasts, and mushrooms. They cannot make their own
food by photosynthesis and therefore can only
live if on a host organism.Protists - celled
organisms that share some characteristics with
both animals and plants (eg. amoeba,
paramecium). Communicable diseases -
Communicable diseases are also called infectious
or contagious diseases. Communicable diseases
can spread through air, water, food, or direct
contact. Non-communicable diseases - These
diseases are not caused by pathogens and
therefore cannot be passed from one organism to
another. Factors that increase your change of
getting a disease (pg. 166)
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Factors that increase your change of getting a
disease (pg. 166) Food poisoning is caused by
pathogens that enter the body through food or
drink. Food preservation methods drying food,
canning, salting, refrigeration, freezing, vacuum
packaging. Irradiation is a modern method of
food preservation where food is exposed to
certain types of radiation energy. Aseptic
methods practices used to stay clean and
prevent the spread of disease (eg. use sterile
bandages, scrubbing exposed skin of surgeon
before and after surgery). Pandemic disease is a
disease that affects a large proportion of the
population over a large geographic area (eg.
AIDS). Epidemic disease a contagious disease
that is not so widespread. This can be at school
or the work place. Pandemic and Epidemic disease
(pg. 178-179) Physical defences against disease
(pg. 194) nose and sinuses, tonsils and
adenoids, eyelids, tears, eyelashes, hair, ear,
skin, stomach.
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The inflammatory response (inflammation) results
in swelling, redness, warmth, and pain in the
area of an infection. The increased blood flow
attracts white blood cells to the infected area.
This response prevents antigens from spreading to
nearby tissues, disposes of cellular debris, and
begins to repair any damage. When a pathogen
enters the body, white blood cells arrive to
repel the invader. Specialized white blood cells
called macrophages surround and destroy damaged
cells and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
Please refer to figure 11.3 on page 195.
Antibodies (pg. 197) Antigens specific
structures attached to pathogens that your body
recognizes as foreign.
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Vaccine an injection of weakened or dead
disease pathogens. Immune response (pg.
198) Types of Immunity (pg. 199) Inherited
Immunity Humans have inherited immunity to most
diseases of plants and animals. Acquired
Immunity There are two types of acquired
immunity active and passive. In active
immunity, the body produces its own antibodies to
defend against a specific antigen. Active
immunity takes several weeks before it can
provide protection. In passive immunity, the
recipient is given antibodies, which were
produced during an active response in another
animal, to defend against a specific antigen.
Passive immunity lasts for only a short time
because the body destroys the borrowed
antibodies. Passive immunity provides immediate
protection. In active and passive immunity,
resistance may be acquired by natural means or by
artificial means such as vaccinations. Alexander
Fleming discovered penicillin
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What is DNA? (pg. 212) Chromosome - Human body
cells contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
that hold all the genetic information. One
chromosome of each pair comes from the mother and
the other chromosome of each pair comes from the
father. Human sex cells contain half the number
of chromosomes. There are 23 chromosomes in a
human egg cell or sperm cell. Each human egg or
sperm cell contains one sex-determining
chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes in
their cells, while males have one X chromosome
and one Y chromosome. Genotype is the term used
to describe the genetic make-up of an individual.
Phenotype is the term used to describe the
physical expression of the trait in an organism.
For example, the genotype of a tall pea plant
could be described as Tt (one dominant gene and
one recessive gene). The phenotype of this
particular plant would be tall. Geneticists tend
to use capital and lower-case letters to name the
factors for any trait. The actual letter can
change, depending on what is being recorded, but
the use of capital and lower-case letters is
consistent. For any trait, an individual likely
has one of the following pairs DD two
dominant factors. dd two recessive
factors. Dd one dominant gene and one
recessive gene for a trait. This is called a
hybrid.
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Inheritance of Factors When gametes form during
reproduction, the factors segregate so that each
gamete carries only one member of the gene pair.
During fertilization, the new organism inherits
two factors one from each parent.Geneticists
use a Punnett square (pg. 217) to predict the
probability of offspring inheriting certain
traits. A pedigree is a diagram that shows the
history of a trait from generation to generation.
Pedigrees are designed to show all expressions of
a trait, such as straight or curly hair, or A, B,
AB, or O blood type. Inherited genetic
disorders (pg. 220) Mutagen (pg. 220)
Environmental factors that can cause genetic
mutations. (eg. radiation, ultraviolet light,
PCBs)
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Unit 4 Motion, Change and Transportation
Safety Driving and BAC (Blood Alcohol
Concentration) (pg 241) legal BAC 0.08
mg/mL Example A 50 kg female who has two drinks
will have a BAC level of 0.09. How long will it
be until she will be able to drive?Ans. How
far over the legal limit is the drinker?
        0.09 BAC- 0.08 BAC 0.01 BAC How long
will it take this drinker to get down to the
legal limit?         0.01 BAC/0.015 BAC/h 0.67
h (40.2minutes).A 50 kg female with a BAC of
0.09 (0.01 over the legal limit) must wait a
little more than 0.67 hours (40.2 min) before it
is legal for her to drive. Velocity
distance/time
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Stopping Distance While driving, drivers can
change their velocity, which greatly affects
stopping distance. Stopping distance has the
following two components the drivers reaction
time the distance a vehicle travels between the
time the driver sees a problem and then reacts to
apply the brakes and the vehicles braking
distance the distance the vehicle travels after
the brakes have been applied but before the
vehicle stops. Newton's first law is often
referred to as the law of inertia. For moving
objects, the law states the following An object
in motion remains in motion, moving at the same
speed and direction unless acted upon by an
outside force. Newtons Second Law The change
of motion of a body is directly proportional or
dependent to the outside force being applied on
the object.
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What is Momentum? When mass and velocity are
multiplied by each other, the product is a
measure of the object's motion. This quantity of
motion is called momentum. Its effect becomes
extremely important during collisions. It can be
calculated as follows Momentum mass x
velocity mv And vd/t Calculating Momentum Eg.
A compact car with a mass of 750kg is travelling
at 50km/h (15 m/s) What is the momentum of the
car?Answer Momentum mass x
velocity                                   
750kg x 15 m/s                                   
11250 kg.m/s
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Eg. A grader working on a road construction
project is hit by a sleepy dump truck driver.
The grader was travelling east at 25 km/h, and
has a mass of 12 000 kg. The dump truck was
travelling west at 15 km/h, and has a mass of 30
000 kg. a) What was the momentum of each vehicle
before they collided? Momentum mass x
velocity Grader momentum 12 000 kg x 25 km/h
300 000
kg.km/h Dump truck momentum 30 000 kg x -15
km/hr -450 000 kg.km/h b) What is the
total momentum after the collision? Add the two
momentums together.(300 000 kg.km/h) (-450
000 kg.km/h) -150 000 kg.km/h (Note Because
the momentum is negative, you know that after the
collision, both vehicles will be moving in the
direction that the dump truck was moving in which
is west.)
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A force is any push or pull on an object. Objects
that are not moving will not move until they are
pushed or pulled with enough force. Objects that
are moving will keep moving until enough force is
added in an opposite direction to stop them.
Objects with a lot of momentum will take more
force and longer to stop. Impulse is the ability
to change the momentum of an object. Impulse
force x time Force mass x (change in v)/change
in time Note change in v (v2 v1) Safety
features (pg. 289)