Annamari Antikainen-Kokko

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Annamari Antikainen-KokkoÅbo AkademiCentrum för
Sydostasiatiska Studier

• Kaakkois-Aasian poliittishallinnolliset
  järjestelmät
• 21.3.2000

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Contents

• What is Southeast Asia?
• Pre-colonial Southeast Asia, political tradition
• Colonial influence, emergence of the new state
• Present day Southeast Asia, legitimacy of the
  state

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What is Southeast Asia?

• Geographic description
• Cultural, linguistic, religious diversity
• World War II definition
• Cold War division
• ASEAN-10

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I. Pre-colonial Southeast Asia

• Buddhist Kings
• Vietnamese Emperors
• Malay Sultans
• Javanese Kings
• Barangay societies in the Philippines

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State-sangha relations
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II. Colonial influence

• Spanish Philippines
• French Vietnam
• Dutch East Indies
• British Malaya
• Siam during colonial period

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New elite under colonial rule

• careerists, job-hunters
• associationists, bridge-builders
• constitutionalists, emerging bourgeoisie
• revolutionaries, masses and their demands

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Spanish Philippines

• Crown and the Cross
• Propaganda movement, Katipunan
• Federalista Party
• Nacionalista Party
• Hukbalapah

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French Vietnam

• Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina
• Parti Constitutionaliste, 1917
• Viet Nam Quo Dan Dang
• Dong Duong Cong San Dang, 1929
• Viet Minh, 1941
• Lao Dong, 1954
• Can Dao Nhan Vi Cach Manh Dang
• Front National De Liberation, FNL

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British Malaya

• Federated Malay States (FMS), Unfederated Malay
  States (UMS)
• Kesatuan Melayu Muda
• Malay Association,1938
• United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
• Malayan Communis Party, MCP, 1930

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Dutch East Indies

• Regents Lurah Batavia
• santri, abangan, priyayi
• Sarekat Islam
• Perserikatan Kommunis Indonesia, PKI
• Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia PNI
• Partai Rakyat Indonesia

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Colonial Siam

• Economic concessions, administrative reform
• 1932 Constitutional monarchy

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III. Legitimacy of the state

• State philosophy
• Constitution
• Political Leaders
• Parliament
• Political parties
• Political processes
• Army

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State philosophy in Southeast Asia

• Brunei National Philosophy of Melayu Islam
  Beraja (Malay Islamic Monarchy dating from 100
  AD)
• Cambodia "pluralist liberal democracy"
• Indonesia National Philosophy of "Panca Sila"
  (five principles), "Unity in Diversity
• Laos "multi-sector" market economy
• Malaysia National Philosophy of Rukunegara

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Pancasila (1945)

• Belief in the one and only God
• Just and civilised humanity
• Unity of Indonesia
• Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the
  unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst
  the representatives
• Social justice for the whole of the people of
  Indonesia

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Rukunegara (1969)
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Present constitutions in Southeast Asia

• Brunei 1959 Constitution
• Cambodia 1993 Constitution
• Indonesia 1945
• Laos 1991 Constitution
• Malaysia 1957 Constitution
• Myanmar 1974
• Philippines 1987 Constitution
• Singapore 1959 Constitution
• Thailand 1997 Constitution
• Vietnam 1992 Constitution

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Constitutional Governments in Southeast Asia

• Kingdoms Cambodia, Thailand
• Republics Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore
• Socialist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Lao
  People's Democratic Republic
• Without definition Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar

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Head of State and Government

• Kingdoms King and Prime Minister
• Republics President (and Prime Minister)
• Socialist President, Prime Minister and
  Communist Party
• Brunei and Malaysia Yang di Pertuan (and
  Sultan/Prime Minister)
• Myanmar Chairman of State, Peace and
  Development Council and Prime Minister

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Legislatures in Southeast Asia

• Cambodia National Assembly
• Indonesia House of Representatives
• Laos National Assembly
• Malaysia House of Representatives
• Philippines House of Representatives
• Singapore Parliament
• Thailand National Assembly
• Vietnam National Assembly
• Brunei and Myanmar none

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Parties/Political Organisationsin Southeast Asia

• None Myanmar
• One party Brunei, Brunei National Solidarity
  Party Vietnam Communist Party of Vietnam (Dang
  Cong San VietNam
• several Laos with a special role provided in
  Constitution for the Lao People's Revolutionary
  Party Malaysia the ruling coalition Barisan
  National (BN) under the leadership of UMNO (Baru)
  since 1974 Singapore People's Action Party
  (PAP) ruling since 1959
• Many Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand