I. European exploration

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• I. European exploration
• A. Reasons for exploration
• 1. Trade with Asian countries was disrupted
  by Ottoman control of the Eastern
  Mediterranean
• 2. Muslims became expensive as the
  "middle man"
• B. Advancements in exploration
• 1. Printing press - books in geography
• 2. Gunpowder - advanced weaponry
• 3. Cartography
• 4. Improved astrolabe

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• C. Early explorers
• 1. Prince Henry "the Navigator" (Portugal)
• a. Redesigned ships, prepared maps,
  and trained captains for long voyages
• b. Sent ships to explore W. African coast
• 2. Vasco da Gama (Portugal)
• a. 1497, leads 4 ships around the Cape
  of Good Hope
• b. Sold his cargo (spices) for 3,000

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• 3. Christopher Columbus
• a. His voyages led to European
  awareness of the Western
  Hemisphere
• b.

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• II. Europeans compete for colonies
• A. Imperialism in Africa
• 1. Portuguese explore coasts of Africa but
  fail to push inland (1400's)
• 2. Dutch (mid 1600's) establish Cape Town
  settlement (inhabitants called Boers)
• B. Imperialism in Asia
• 1. Portugal (1500's)
• a. Controlled most of the spice trade
  between Asia and Europe
• b. Destroyed Hindu temples, massacred
  the Muslims, and sank ships in India

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• 2. Dutch (late 1500's)
• a. Challenged Portuguese domination
  and surpassed their sea power
• b. Wealthy Dutch merchants form the
  Dutch East India Company
• c. Were more successful than the
  Portuguese at establishing close ties
  with the locals
• 3. Spain (1500's)
• a. Financed Magellan's voyage
• b. During Magellan's voyage, claimed
  Philippines for Spain (1521)

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• 4. England and Spain (1700's)
• a. Focus on India
• b. British and French East India
  Companies made alliances with local
  rulers
• c. Each country organized its own army
  of sepoys (Indian troops)
• d. 1750's English sepoys push out
  French e. British EIC was the real
  authority in India (not the Mughals)

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• C. Imperialism in the Americas
• 1. Spanish conquistadors
• a. Search for gold
• b. An attempt to convert the inhabitants
  to Christianity
• c. Hernando Cortes (1519 landed, by
  1521 conquered the Aztec empire)
• d. Francisco Pizarro destroyed Incan
  empire in Peru (1532)

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• 2. Success of the Spanish
• a. Used armor, horses, and powerful
  weapons never seen by NA
• b. Spanish found allies among NA
  groups discontent with being ruled by
  Aztecs and Incas
• c. Diseases brought by Europeans killed
  millions
• 3. Dutch, English, and French search for a
  Northwest Passage
• - Henry VIII sends John Cabot

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• 4. French settle Canada (New France)
  (1600's)
• 5. English settle Jamestown (1607)
• III. Encounters in East Asia
• A. Restoration of Chinese rule
• 1. Ming dynasty restored after Mongol rule
  since 1368 (90 years)
• 2. Believed they were the Middle Kingdom
  (center of the earth and civilization)
• B. Changes brought by the Ming dynasty
• 1. Returned civil service exam
• 2. Returned Confucian thought

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• 3. Banned large oceangoing vessels
• 4. Began to produce porcelain and paper
• C. Contact with Europeans
• 1. Chinese limited trade and contact
• 2. Opposed to European religions
• D. Korea
• 1. Restricted outside contact and trade
• 2. Borrowed many Chinese concepts
• 3. Manchus take over Ming dynasty and
  start the Qing dynasty

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• E. Japan
• 1. Tokugawa expelled Europeans
  (especially missionaries) and Japanese
  Christians 2. Banned all western merchants
• 3. forbid Japanese to travel abroad

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