Chapter 38: The Cold War

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Chapter 38 The Cold War
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• After World War II, the worlds nations were
  grouped politically into three worlds.
• The first were the _______________ nations,
  including the United States and its allies.
• The second were the _______________nations led by
  the Soviet Union.
• The Third World consisted of ___________________,
  often newly independent who were not aligned with
  either superpower.

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The Cold War
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What initially created tension between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union?

• The U.S. was upset that Joseph Stalin, the Soviet
  leader, had signed a nonaggression pact with
  Germany in 1939.
• Stalin blamed the Allies for not invading
  German-occupied Europe earlier than 1944.
• Centuries of history had taught the Soviets to
  fear invasion, i.e. the 17th century Poles
  captured the Kremlin, 18th century Swedes
  attacked, Napoleon overran Moscow in 1812, and
  the Germans invaded Russia during World Wars I
  and II.

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
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What initially created tension between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union?

• As World War II drew to a close, Soviet troops
  pushed the Nazis across the eastern border.
• Stalin installed Communist governments in
  Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
  Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
• Stalin declared in a speech in 1946 that
  communism and capitalism could not exist in the
  same world.

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What initially created tension between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union?

• The iron curtain was born, i.e. the eastern
  part.
• Germany was split into two sections. The Soviets
  controlled the eastern part, including half of
  the capital, Berlin.
• Under a Communist government, east Germany was
  named the German Democratic Republic.

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What initially created tension between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union?

• Winston Churchills Iron Curtain speech (March
  15, 1945)
• an iron curtain has descended across the
  continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals
  of the ancient states of Central and Eastern
  EuropeAll these famous cities and the
  populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere
  and all are subject in one form or another not
  only to Soviet influence but to a very high and
  increasing measure of control from Moscow.

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How did the U.S. implement the policy of
containment? What specifically did they do?

• Containment was Trumans foreign policy of
  blocking Soviet influence and stopping the
  expansion of communism.

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How did the U.S. implement the policy of
containment? What specifically did they do?

• Excerpt from Trumans speech to Congress (March
  12, 1947)
• Our way of life is based upon the will of the
  majority and is distinguished by free
  institutionsfree electionsand freedom from
  political oppression. The second way of life is
  based upon the will of a minority forcibly
  imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror
  and oppressionfixed elections, and the
  suppression of personal freedoms. I believe it
  must be the policy of the United States to
  support free people, resisting attempted
  subjugation (control) by armed minorities or by
  outside pressures.

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How did the U.S. implement the policy of
containment? What specifically did they do?

• Congress authorized more than 400 million in aid
  in Turkey and in Greece.
• U. S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed
  that the U.S. give aid to needy European
  countries. His plan became known as the Marshall
  Plan.
• The United States began providing food,
  machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western
  Europe.
• When the Soviets seized power in Czechoslovakia,
  Congress immediately voted approval.

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What was the Berlin Airlift?

• When the U.S., French, and British withdrew from
  Germany so that they could form a nation, the
  Soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail
  traffic into Berlins western zones.
• From June 1948 to May 1948, Allied planes took
  off and landed every three minutes in West
  Berlin.
• On 278,000 flights, pilots brought n 2.3 million
  tons of food, fuel, medicine, and even Christmas
  gifts to West Berliners.

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Berlin Blockade and Airlift
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What two opposing alliances faced off during the
Cold War era? What nations made up each?

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ten
  western European nations joined with the United
  States and Canada to form a defensive military
  alliance.
• Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union, East
  Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary,
  Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.
• In 1961, the East Germans built a wall to
  separate East and West Berlin.
• The Berlin Wall symbolized a world divided into
  rival camps.
• Two key countries remained unaligned India and
  China.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Warsaw Pact
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Describe the civil war in China. Why would most
Chinese support a Communist regime?

• A Civil War was raging between the Nationalists
  and the Communists when Japan invaded China in
  1937.
• The Communists had a stronghold in NW China.
  They mobilized peasants for guerrilla warfare
  against the Japanese in the northeast. Thanks to
  their efforts to promote literacy and improve
  food production, the Communists won the peasants
  loyalty. By 1945, they controlled much of
  northern China.
• Meanwhile, the Nationalist forces under Jiang
  JIeshi dominated SW China. Jiang gathered an
  army of 2.5 million men.
• From 1942 to 1945, the U.S. sent the Nationalists
  at least 1.5 billion in aid to fight the
  Japanese. These supplies and money often ended
  up in the hands of corrupt officers.
• The Civil War lasted from 1946 to 1949. At
  first, the Nationalists had the advantage. The
  Nationalist forces, however, did little to win
  popular support. With Chinas economy collapsing
  thousands of Nationalist soldiers deserted to the
  Communists.

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Describe the civil war in China.

• In spring of 1949, Chinas major cities fell to
  the well-trained Red forces. Maos troops were
  also enthusiastic about his promise to return
  land to the peasants.
• In October of 1949, Mao Zedong gained control of
  the country. He proclaimed it the Peoples
  Republic of China. Jiang and other nationalist
  leaders retreated to the Island of Taiwan.
• Mao Zedongs victory fueled U.S. anti-communist
  feelings. The Chinese and Soviets signed a
  treaty of friendship in 1950.
• China split into two nations one was the island
  of Taiwan or Nationalist China. The other was
  the mainland, or Peoples Republic of China.
  This inspired and intensified the Cold War.
• After Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan, the U.S.
  helped him set up a Nationalist government on
  that small island. It was called the Republic of
  China. The Soviets gave financial, military, and
  technical aid to Communist China. In addition,
  the Chinese and the Soviets pledged to come to
  each others defense if either was attacked.

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What political, economic, and social changes took
place in China after World War II? Who led these
reform efforts? How did this contribute to Cold
War tensions?

• Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, China
  expanded into Tibet, India, and southern
  Mongolia. (Northern or Outer Mongolia remained
  in the Soviet sphere.)
• Chinese Communists set up two parallel
  organizations, the Communist party and the
  national government. Mao Zedong headed both.
• Mao reshaped Chinas economy based on Marxist
  socialism.
• Mao seized farmlands from landlord and divided
  among the peasants who were forced to join
  collective farms.
• Mao launched a five-year plan that set high
  production goals for industry. By 1957 Chinas
  output of coal, cement, steel and electricity had
  increased dramatically.

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What political, economic, and social changes took
place in China after World War II? Who led these
reform efforts? How did this contribute to Cold
War tensions?

• The Great Leap Forward (1958) called for larger
  collective farms. By end of 1958, about 26,000
  communes had been created. The average commune
  sprawled over 15,000 acres and supported over
  25,000 people.
• People living in communes ate in communal dining
  rooms, slept in communal dormitories, and raised
  children in communal nurseries. They owned
  nothing.
• The Great Leap Forward was a giant step backward.
  The program was ended in 1961 after crop
  failures caused a famine that killed about 20
  million people.

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What political, economic, and social changes took
place in China after World War II? Who led these
reform efforts? How did this contribute to Cold
War tensions?

• The Soviet Union expected China to pay back debt
  from the Korean War conflict at a time when China
  could not do so.
• The Soviet Union had been supplying more aid to
  noncommunist countries such as Egypt and India
  than to China.
• When India and China sparred over Tibets push
  for independence, Moscow declared neutrality.
• Border clashes between Chinese forces and Soviet
  forces in central Asia and Siberia fueled the
  conflict between the two states.

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What events showed the seriousness of the tension
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union?

• In 1949, The Soviet Union exploded its first
  atomic weapon.
• In 1950, President Truman, authorized work on a
  thermonuclear weapon.
• In 1952, the U.S. tested the first hydrogen bomb.
  
• The Soviets exploded their own in 1953.
• On October 4th, 1957, the Soviets used an
  intercontinental ballistic missile to launch
  Sputnik, the first unmanned satellite, past the
  earths atmosphere.
• In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite.
• In 1960, the CIA started secret high altitude spy
  flights over Soviet territory in planes called
  u-2s.
• In may 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 plane
  and captured its pilot, Francis Gary Powers.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• In the 1950s, Cuban was ruled by an unpopular
  ruler, Fulgencio Batista, who had U.S. support.
• A young lawyer named Fidel Castro led a popular
  revolution in Cuba and overthrew Batista in 1959.
• At first Castro was praised for bringing about
  social reforms that improved the economy, but he
  was a harsh dictator.
• He suspended elections, jailed or executed his
  opponents, and tightly controlled the press.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• When Castro nationalized the Cuban economy, he
  took over U.S. owned sugar mills and refineries.
  
• President Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all
  trade with Cuba.
• Castro turned to the Soviets for economic and
  military aid.
• In 1960, the CIA began training anti-Castro Cuban
  exiles, and in 1961, they invaded Cuba, landing
  at the Bay of Pigs.
• Castros forces easily defeated the invaders and
  humiliated the U.S.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• In July 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
  secretly began building 42 missile sites in Cuba.
• In October, an American spy plane discovered the
  sites.
• President John F. Kennedy declared that missiles
  so close to the U.S. mainland were a threat.
• He demanded their removal and announced a naval
  blockade of Cuban to prevent the Soviets from
  installing more missiles.
• People around the world feared nuclear war.
• Fortunately, Khrushchev agreed to remove the
  missiles in return for a U.S. promise not to
  invade Cuba.

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Bay of Pigs
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Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

• For several years following World War II,
  Afghanistan maintained its independence from both
  the neighboring Soviet Union and the United
  States.
• In the 1950s, however, Soviet influence in the
  country began to increase.
• In the late 1970s, a Muslim revolt threatened to
  topple Afghanistans Communist regime. This
  revolt led to a Soviet invasion in 1979.
• Supplied with American weapons, the Afghan
  rebels, called mujahedeen or holy warriors,
  fought Soviet forces.
• The U.S. had armed the rebels because they
  considered the Soviet invasion a threat to Middle
  Eastern oil supplies.
• To protest the invasion, President Jimmy Carter,
  stopped U.S. grain shipments to the Soviet Union
  and ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow
  Olympics.
• In the 1980s a new Soviet president, Mikhail
  Gorbachev, acknowledged the wars devastating
  costs. He withdrew Soviet troops by 1989.

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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
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What events led to the decline of the Soviet
Union?

• After WW2, the Soviet Union kept a firm grip on
  its satellite countries in Eastern Europe. These
  countries were Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
  Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany.
• After Stalins death, more moderate leaders came
  to power. They allowed these satellite countries
  more independence, as long as they remained
  allied with the Soviet Union.
• During the 1950s and 1960s, however, growing
  protest movements in Eastern Europe threatened
  the Soviet grip on the region.
• Increasing tensions with China also diverted
  Soviet attention and forces.

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What events led to the decline of the Soviet
Union?

• After Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev became
  the dominant Soviet leader. He started a policy
  called destalinization,
• Khrushchev called for peaceful competition with
  capitalist states.
• In 1956, the Hungarian army joined protesters to
  overthrow Hungarys Soviet controlled government.
• Khrushchev lost prestige in his country as a
  result of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
• When Leonid Brezhnev came to power in 1964, he
  enforced laws to limit such basic human rights as
  freedom of speech and worship.
• In 1968, Brezhnev tightened control of
  Czechoslovakia, which fed nationalist attitudes
  in the satellite countries.
• As China became more independent in its own
  Communist movement, Khrushchev and the Soviets
  punished China by ended technical economic aid.

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Compare the Vietnam War with the Korean War.

• Causes of Korean War
• When WWII ended, Japan surrendered North Korea to
  Soviet forces. South of this line, the Japanese
  surrendered to American troops.

Beginnings Vietnam War In the early 1900s,
France controlled most of Southeast Asia, but
nationalist movements had begun to develop. A
young Vietnamese nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, turned
to Communists for help. During the 1930s, Hos
Indochinese Party led revolts and strikes against
the French. When Vietnamese Nationalists and
Communists joined to fight the French armies, the
United States saw a rising threat to the rest of
Asia (Eisenhowers domino theory)
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The Korean War
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Vietnam War
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Similarities Between the Vietnam War with the
Korean War.

• In both Vietnam and Korea, America fought the
  forces of communism to keep nations free from
  Soviet control.
• Both wars were battles between democracy and
  communism.
• Each of these nations became split between the
  Communist north and Democratic south.
• North Korea and North Vietnam were connected to
  Communist China and received supplies, ammunition
  and support from them. South Korea and South
  Vietnam, on the other hand, favored democracy.
  The U.S. gave weapons, supplies, and military
  advisors to South Korea and South Vietnam, which
  soon led to troops actually fighting these wars.
• Both wars ended in negotiations. Neither side
  won out right like they did in WWII. In Korea, a
  cease-fire was called and a demilitarized zone
  was made between the two borders. In Vietnam,
  both sides agreed to a cease fire and America
  agreed to pull out military personnel, while
  North Vietnam agreed to release all American
  POWs.

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Differences Between the Vietnam War with the
Korean War.

• The fundamental difference between the two wars
  was in the outcome.
• The United States and other democratic nations
  protected South Korea from the Communists, while
  it lost to them in South Vietnam.
• Much of this had to do with the way in which
  these wars were fought. In Korea, Communists
  tried to defeat the U.S. with sheer numbers.
  Since North Korea could not defend themselves
  effectively, China sent more than a million
  troops. Battles were quick and fierce, resulting
  in an effective campaign for the Americans that
  drove the Communists back to the original line of
  division.
• Vietnam, on the other hand, resorted to guerilla
  warfare because of its smaller fighting force and
  environment. The Vietnamese had built
  underground tunnels when they fought against the
  Japanese and then the French. They used these
  tunnels to ambush or to set booby traps.
• America lost to Vietnam because the Vietnamese
  war was a peoples war. The Chinese mainly
  fought the U.S. in Korea without much popular
  support from the people.
• The difference in the fighting methods of each
  war gave rise to sharp differences in casualties.
  54,000 American soldiers died in Korea within
  three years. In Vietnam, however, 58,000
  soldiers perished over a course of ten years.
  The Korean War was characterized by short bursts
  of fighting whereas Vietnam tended to be long and
  drawn out.

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What was détente?

• The Vietnam War was not popular in the United
  States during the Vietnam War.
• Détente, a French word that means loosening, was
  the U.S. policy of lessening Cold War tensions.
• President Nixon gained popularity in American
  politics due to his strong anti-Communist
  position. He was the first U.S. president to
  visit Communist China.
• Three months after visiting Beijing in 1972,
  Nixon visited the Soviet Union.
• In a series of meetings called the Strategic
  Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), Nixon and Brezhnev
  signed the SALT treaty.

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Why did détente fail?

• The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan resulted in
  the U.S. Congress refusing to ratify SALT II, a
  treaty between the US and Soviet s.
• Fiercely Communist U.S. president, Ronald Reagan,
  took office in 1981.
• He moved away from détente.
• He increased defense spending, putting economic
  and military pressure on the Soviets.
• In 1983, Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic
  Defense Initiative (SDI), a program to protect
  against enemy missiles.