JFK

1
JFK LBJ- Nixon Vietnam and Domestic Events
2
JFK Domestic and Foreign Policy

• Increased military spending
• Bay of Pigs US tried to overthrow Communist
  govt in Cuba (fidel Castro)
• CIA trained anti-Castro Cubans gt info leaked to
  Castro
• Military disaster

3
JFK Domestic and Foreign Policy

• Berlin Wall
• After the disaster of the Bay of Pigs gt
  Khrushchev tries to intimidate JFK and get him to
  leave Berlin
• JFK refuses gt Berlin Wall built

4
JFK Domestic and Foreign Policy

• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviets places missiles in Cuba and aimed them at
  US
• Oct 22, 1963 gt JFK ordered a naval blockade of
  Cuba
• Blockade was successful gt no more weapons to Cuba
  and missiles were removed

5
JFK Domestic and Foreign Policy

• Peace Corps American volunteering to go to
  developing countries to assist gt help to spread
  democracy
• Alliance for Progress gt improve US relationship
  with Latin America

6
JFK Domestic and Foreign Policy

• New Frontier
• April 1961 gt Soviets orbit the Earth
• May 1961 gt Alan Shepard orbits the Earth gt Feb
  1962 John Glenn orbits the Earth 3 times
• Civil Rights
• 1963 gt Proposes 2 Civil Rights bill with help of
  his brother Robert Kennedy (bans discrimination
  in business and voting)
• 1962 gt 24th Amendment gt prohibiting poll tax
• 1962 gt U of Mississippi gt James Meredith
• Nov 22, 1963 gt Kennedy assassinated in Dallas,
  Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald
• LBJ takes over as President

7
Kennedy Assassination

• Beyond Conspiracy - Kennedy assassination -
  YouTube

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJbXI0WSlTGw

8
Pre-US Involvement

• During WWII Ho Chi Mihn (rebel leader)
  approached the US for assistance in gaining
  their independence from France
• US refused to give Ho any time so he turns to
  China (Communism)

9
Fight for Independence

• Early 1950s Vietnam is in a full scale revolt
  to get rid of the French
• The French want to leave but the US insists that
  they stay (domino theory)
• US gives France money and weapons to keep their
  occupation in Vietnam
• 1954 gt French army massacred at Dienbienphu and
  withdraws

10
North and South Divided

• When Vietnam gained their independence, North and
  South Vietnam became divided
• North Ho Chi Mihn (Communist)
• South Diem (democratic)

11
Elections to Unify Vietnam

• Elections were suppose to be held the unify the
  North and South
• Diem and US knew that if the elections were held,
  Ho Chi Mihn would win and make Vietnam a
  Communist country
• So Diem kept stalling and pushed off the
  elections
• This led the many South Vietnamese turning
  against democracy and siding with Ho Chi Mihn and
  the North

12
Getting Rid of Diem

• President Diem became uncontrollable by early
  1960s
• Stopped listening to the US, who supplied him
  with weapons and to hold off Ho Chi Mihn
• Started to become greedy and only listened to his
  wife and brother-in-law
• Us had him assassinated in 1963

13
US Involvement under JFK

• After Diem assassination there was chaos in South
  Vietnam no other leaders that could control the
  South
• US had to assert more control
• JFK increased of US advisors already in
  Vietnam to 16,000

14
LBJ and Vietnam

• Escalation of Vietnam
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• US boat attacked in waters off North Vietnam
• Congress gave President Johnson the power take
  all necessary measures to repel any armed
  attacked against US
• They never mention in Vietnam
• Like a blank check for the military
• Increases of troops and starts Rolling Thunder

15
Rolling Thunder Air Superiority vs. Guerilla
Warfare
16
Why Fight?

• Prevent the Fall to Communism
• Stop Aggressor nations
• We are a SUPERPOWER and a DEMOCRACY

17
LBJ and the Home front

• Resistance to the War
• Anti-War Movement
• Hawks and Doves
• Teach-ins college movement
• Draft resisters
• Hippies and Flower Children Start of the
  Counter Culture Movement
  

18
A Country Divided
19
The Great Society

• LBJs domestic policy becomes known as the Great
  Society
• Extension of the New Deal
• Programs for the low incomes/ underprivileged
• More programs passed than FDR in his first 100
  days

20
LBJs Downfall

• LBJ tries to do too much
• He cant push his Great Society and the same time
  as fighting a controversial war
• He divides the country
• The federal government tries to hide the
  negatives and only reports the positive of the
  war
• Problem was there was live footage being sent
  home and the govt couldnt control the TV

21
LBJs Downfall

• Johnson announces in 1968 that he will not seek
  another term as President
• Johnson's Speech

22
Nixon and Vietnam

• Escalates war even more to 540,000
• Runs on a policy of Vietnamization South is
  going to take more responsibility for the war
• Reduce US involvement
• Cant reduce because South Vietnam is not strong
  enough

23
Nixon and Vietnamization

• Nixon orders more bombings through Rolling
  Thunder
• Invasion of Cambodia
• Bombings of the HO Chi Mihn Trail

24
Ho Chi Mihn Trail
25
More Unrest in the US

• Country gets more divided on the expansion of the
  bombings
• Kent State Protest

26
Kent State Protest
27
Bringing Home US Troops

• Dec 1970 Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin
  Resolution
• Sept 1972 gt withdrawing of troops gt only 60,000
  left gt Nixon continues the bombings
• Oct 1972 gt cease fire is reached
• Nixon announces on the eve of election daygt Nixon
  wins re-election
• Talks falter between two sides
• Jan 1973 gt Agreement on Ending the War and
  Restoring Peace in Vietnam was signed
• US troops are withdrawn over the next few months

28
Results of the War

• Longest war in US history
• 57,000 deaths
• 300,000 wounded
• 150 billion spent on the war
• War Powers Act
• The President can sends troops into action for 60
  days then must get permission from Congress to
  keep them in action
• (Congress never specifically gave the President
  permission for Vietnam gt No declaration of war)

29
Civil Rights Movement

• NON-VIOLENT
• Sit-ins a form of protests in which protesters
  seat themselves and refuse to move. (Greensboro)
• - ex. CORE created a sit-in to desegregate a
  coffee house in Chicago
• protesters sat there until they were served
• two outcomes gt either arrested or served

30
Civil Rights Movement

• Freedom Rides civil rights protest in which a
  racially mixed group of protesters challenged
  segregated buses and bus terminals by riding on
  buses
• - 13 riders, white and black
• - started May 4, 1961 gt left Washington, D.C.
• - ended May 24,25 gt mass arrests in bus terminal
  in Jackson, Miss.
• - violence endured throughout the trip
• Albany Movement year-long protests in Georgia

31
Civil Rights Movement

• Selma March gt walk from Selma to Montgomery to
  demand voting votes
• - 1st try stopped by police
• - 2nd try was successful
• more people joined gt 25,000 people
• help from Johnson federal government

32
Civil Rights Movement

• Kennedy gave support for the Civil Rights
  Movement
• - proposed a bill in 1963 gt bill was blocked by
  Southern Democrats
• Johnson took over gt said "the most eloquent way
  to honor Kennedy's memory was the passage of the
  civil rights bill"

33
Civil Rights Movement

• Civil rights Act of 1964
• prohibited voter discrimination
  discrimination in public accommodations
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• - removed literacy tests and poll taxes
• - federal officials could register voters where
  state officials blocked registration of African
  Americans
• - 1965 gt 400,000 African Americans registered to
  vote in the South

34
Civil Rights Movement

• VIOLENT
• Malcolm X gt started the Nation of Islam
• - preached separation and self-help
• - black nationalism gt a belief in the separate
  identity and racial unity of the African American
  community
• - "if someone punches you, punch them back"

35
Civil Rights Movement

• The Black Power Movement
• - Black Panthers gt led by Huey Newton gt Black
  Muslims are another civil rights group
• - same beliefs as the Nation of Islam on how to
  gain more rights by using violence

36
Other Civil Rights Movements

• Civil Rights Accomplishments (Civil Rights Act of
  64 and Votings Rights Act of 65) spurr on other
  movements

37
Womens Rights Movement

• Pushing for equality
• Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
• ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) gt dies after 10
  years because not enough states approve

38
Native American Movement

• AIM (American Indian Movement)
• Addressed issues plagued Native Americans
  (poverty, crime, treaty issues and reservations
• Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. and
  Alcatraz
• Oneida Indian Nation vs. NY ( S.C. ruled that
  Native Americans has the right to sue for their
  original land)

39
Hispanic American Movement

• Cesar Chavez (leader of movement)
• For better working conditions/higher pay for
  migrant workers
• Mostly on the west coast
• Formed the National Farm Workers Association gt
  later becomes theUnited Farm Workers union