WISCONSIN INDIANS

1
WISCONSIN INDIANS

• Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)
• Menominee
• Oneida
• Stockbridge-Munsee (Mohicans)
• Potawatomi
• Chippewa (Lake Superior)
• Bad River Band
• Lac Courte Oreilles Band
• Lac du Flambeau Band
• Red Cliff Band
• Sokaogon (Mole Lake) Band
• St. Croix Band

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Review Band/ Tribe/ Nation

• Tribe is a Nation
• Band (basic unit, average 5-6 clans)
• Confederacy is also a Nation (groups of tribes
  that come together)

3
Recap Culture

• Family
• Political
• Religion
• Language

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Family

• Clan Structure
• Maternal or Paternal
• Economy organized around the clan
• If a clan member needs help and you canyou must.
• Exogamous (have to marry outside of clan)

5
Political

• Chiefs
• War (Red), only Chief on War parties
• Peace (White), diplomats and bringing people
  together
• You become chief if people follow you, convince
  them you have better ideasetc)
• Calumet
• Peace Pipe Fictive Kinship, when smoked with
  someone else, you treat each other as clan
  members
• Lex Talionis (Eye for an Eye)
• Clans enforce this principle
• Justice is clan based

6
Religion

• Purity and Balance
• Fire and Water
• Green Corn Ceremony
• Ethics, Morality, and Religion are tied together,
  and can not be separated.

7
Language

• The Indians of Wisconsin, due to coming from
  various places, spoke many different dialects
• Algonquian
• Iroquoian
• Siouan
• Ojibwe/Chippewa

8
Ho-Chunk History

• People called them Winnebago (Stinky people),
  they for obvious reasons prefer Ho-Chunk (big
  voice or people of the sacred language)
• In 1634, Jean Nicolet encounters the Ho-Chunk
  people in Green Bay
• 1837, Ho-Chunk people ceded their land to the
  whites, although Tribal leaders argued that the
  treaty was no valid due to misinterpretation and
  were forced to move off their lands.

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Ho-Chunk Today

• In 1963, The Wisconsin Winnebago Nation became
  federally recognized due to the Reorganization
  Act of 1934.
• Today approximately 6,100 people are enrolled as
  tribal members
• The Ho-Chunk people also fear the loss of their
  language

10
Menominee History

• In 1634 Jean Nicolet visited the Menominee Nation
  (the first European to do so)
• 1848, Treaty of Poygan was signed
• Ceded 4.5 million acres to the US and forced them
  to go to Minnesota, although Chief Oshkosh
  refused.
• 1892, Dam was built on the Wolf River, which
  prohibited the Sturgeon to go to their spawning
  grounds, which left the people without their main
  food source.

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Menominee Today

• On June 17, 1954 The Menominee Termination Act
  was signed into law which provided the Menominee
  the right to control their own Reservation.
• Then in 1973, The Menominee Restoration Act was
  signed.
• Provided the Menominee with full tribal status as
  a sovereign nation.

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Oneida History

• People of the Standing Stone
• Played a major role in the American Revolution
  (Patriot Side).
• Part of the Iroquois Confederacy
• Due to a falling out with the Six Nations and a
  treaty with the US and Menominee, the Oneidas
  came to Wisconsin

13
Oneida Today

• Turtle School
• 15,000 members and growing
• Cool Fact Oneida Tribal Member Tom Skenandore
  was the first professional football player
  employed by the team today known as the Green Bay
  Packers

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Stockbridge- Munsee HistoryBand of Mohicans

• In 1609, The Stockbridge were the first tribe
  that Henry Hudson came in contact with.
• Like the Oneida, they played an important role in
  the winning of the American Revolution.
• Left New York in the 1700s and came to
  Wisconsin.

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Stockbridge- Munsee TodayBand of Mohicans

• 1,500 members today
• Cool Fact The first public school teacher in
  Wisconsin was Electa Quinney (Stockbridge Indian)

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Potawatomi History

• 43 Treaties were made with them, more than any
  other tribe or band.
• Closely related to Chippewa and Ottawa
• Moved around the least
• Separate Language

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Potawatomi Today

• Today they are located in the UP Michigan,
  Wisconsin, Kansas, and Oklahoma
• 1,200 Tribal Members Today

18
Chippewa

• Keeper of the Faith
• Settlements began in the 1700s
• Origin of the Dream Catcher
• Also known as Ojibwa

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Bad RiverChippewa

• 1854, Treaty with US created Bad River
  Reservation
• Main Staple- Wild Rice
• Preservation of land and air is a major concern
  of these people.

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Lac Courte OreillesChippewa

• 1854- The Treaty of LaPointe established specific
  territorial rights of the LCO
• The LCO, ousted the Sioux and took their lands as
  the LCO pushed westward
• Lac Courte Oreilles means short ears because
  the Ojibwe in that area did not wear earrings.
• Harvest Cranberries (1,500-3,000 barrels each
  year.)

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Lac du FlambeauChippewa

• Location of the sacred Strawberry Island (the
  place of the little people)
• At this island, the last battle with the Sioux
  occurred in 1745.
• In 1966, the island through archaeological survey
  was determined to have artifacts dating back to
  200 B.C.
• Fact The worlds largest Sturgeon was speared on
  the Reservation (7ft 1 in, 195 ibs, 40 inches
  around)

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Red CliffChippewa

• 1854, As stated before, The Treaty of LaPointe,
  established the Red Cliff Reservation
• 1866, President Andrew Jackson by executive order
  expanded the Reservation
• Red Cliff is known as the hub of the Chippewa
  Nation
• Approximatley 5,000 people are members of the Red
  Cliff Band

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Sokaogon (Mole Lake)Chippewa

• 1806 Battle of Mole Lake (Sioux v. Chippewa in
  battle over Wild Rice)
• Sokaogon means Post in the Lake people
• The Lost Tribe
• Treaty of 1855 promised money and 12 square miles
  of reservation for them
• Treaty lost in a shipwreck on Lake Superior on
  its way to Washington DC

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St. CroixChippewa

• 2,000 Tribal Members
• Reservation is scattered in a checkerboard of 11
  separate communities over a four-country area.

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Discussion Questions

• How have treaties impacted the movement of
  American Indians both in and out of Wisconsin?
• Why do you think the Menominee were chosen for
  Termination?
• Why would the Stockbridge Munsee and Oneida join
  the Patriot side of the American Revolution?