February 13

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February 13What is the difference between
genocide and ethnic cleansing?
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A Brief History of the Holocaust
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Key Terms

• Genocide
• Holocaust
• SS
• General Reinhard Heydrich
• Final Solution
• Nuremberg Laws
• Roma
• Auschwitz-Birkenau

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Lecture Outline

• Holocaust
• A. Definitions
• B. An Overview
• II. Summary of the Holocaust
• A. 1933-1939
• B. 1939-1945
• C.Aftermath of the Holocaust

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Quotes

• What luck for the rulers that men do not
  think.Adolf Hitler

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First They Came for the Jews

• First they came for the Jews
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a Jew.
• Then they came for the Communists
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a Communist.
• Then they came for the trade unionists
• and I did not speak out
• because I was not a trade unionist.
• Then they came for me
• and there was no one left to speak out for
  me.

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Definitions

• What is genocide?

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Definitions

• What is genocide?
• - Genocide is the systematic and planned
  extermination of an entire national, racial, or
  ethnic group.

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Definitions

• What is the Holocaust?

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Definitions

• What is the Holocaust?
• The Holocaust is the state-sponsored systematic
  persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by
  Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933
  and 1945.

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An Overview

• On January 20, 1942 fifteen high ranking Nazi
  Party and German government leaders met at
  Wannsee district of Berlin to coordinate the
  carrying out of the final solution.
• The leader of the meeting was SS Lieutenant
  Reinhard Heydrich.

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An Overview

• The Final Solution was the Nazi regimes code
  name for the deliberate, planned mass murder of
  all European Jews.

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An Overview

• Six weeks before the Wannsee meeting, the Nazis
  began to murder Jews at Chelmno, an agricultural
  estate located in a part of Poland annexed to
  Germany.

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An Overview

• During 1942, trainloads of Jewish men, women, and
  children were transported from countries all over
  Europe to the six major killing centers in
  German-occupied Poland.

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Summary of the Holocaust 1933-1939

• 525,000 Jews, less than 1 of the population,
  lived in Germany.
• In 1933 new German laws forced Jews out of civil
  service jobs, university and law positions, and
  other areas of public service.
• In April 1933, a boycott of Jewish business was
  instituted.

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February 16Do you think the Holocaust was
inevitable or do you think it could have been
prevented? Why?
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1933-1939

• In 1935, laws proclaimed at Nuremberg made Jews
  second-class citizens.
• These Nuremberg laws defined Jews, not by their
  religion or by how they wanted to be identified,
  but by the religious affiliation of their
  grandparents.

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1933-1939

• Between 1932 and 1939, anti-Jewish regulations
  segregated Jews further.
• Between 1933 and 1939, about half the
  German-Jewish population and more than two-thirds
  of Austrian Jews fled Nazi persecution.

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1939-1945

• On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and
  WWII began.
• Within weeks the Polish army was defeated and the
  Nazis began their campaign to destroy Polish
  culture and enslave the Polish people whom they
  viewed as subhuman.

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1939-1945

• As the war began in 1939, Hitler initiated an
  order to kill institutionalized, handicapped, and
  patients deemed incurable.

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1939-1945

• In the months following Germanys invasion of the
  Soviet Union, Jews, political leaders,
  Communists, and many Roma (Gypsies) were killed
  in mass shootings.

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1939-1945

• During the war, ghettos, transit camps, and
  forced labor camps, in addition to the
  concentration camps, were created by the Germans
  to imprison Jews, Roma, and other victims.

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Statistics

• There were 10,005 camps
• 941 were forced labor camps
• 230 were especially made for Hungarian Jews
• 399 Ghettos in Poland
• 52 main concentration camps with 1,202 satellite
  camps

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1939-1945

• Between 1942 and 1945, the Germans moved to
  eliminate the ghettos in occupied Poland and
  elsewhere.
• They deported ghetto residents to extermination
  campskilling centers equipped with gassing
  facilities.

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1939-1945

• Auschwitz-Birkenau, which also served as a
  concentration camp, became the killing center
  were the largest numbers of European Jews and
  Roma were killed.
• The killing centers were operated by the SS.

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1939-1945

• There were instances of organized resistance in
  almost every concentration camp and ghetto.
• An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 Jews fought bravely
  as partisans in resistance groups.
• Organized armed resistance was the most direct
  form of opposition.

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Resistance

• Armed Jewish resistance took place in 5 major
  ghettos, 45 small ghettos, 5 major concentration
  camps and extermination camps, and 18 forced
  labor camps.

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Obstacles to Resistance

• Superior armed power of the Germans
• German tactic of collective responsibility
• Isolation of Jews and lack of weapons
• Secrecy and deception of deportations

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1939-1945

• By the summer of 1944, the Nazis had emptied all
  ghettos in eastern Europe and killed most of
  their former inhabitants.
• After the war turned against Germany and the
  Allied armies approached German soil in late
  1944, the SS decided to evacuate outlying
  concentration camps.

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1939-1945

• In May 1945, Nazi Germany collapsed, the SS
  guards fled, and the camps ceased to exist.

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Aftermath of the Holocaust

• Following the war, the trials of major war
  criminals was held at the palace of Justice in
  Nuremberg, Germany between November 1945 and
  August 1946.
• These trials were conducted by the International
  Military Tribunal.

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Aftermath of the Holocaust

• Trials and investigations continue today.