Clean Development Mechanism

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Clean Development Mechanism Agriculture Sector
Shalin Shah Sr. Manager (Environment) Mundra
Port SEZ, Adani Group Honorary Joint Secretary
- NCCSD
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Background for presentation

• Climate Change, Global Warming are well known
  terms world over.
• So I will not discuss anything on the basics of
  Climate Change.

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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias Position Types of CDM projects
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Mitigation of Global Warming
To tackle the challenges posed by global warming
(climate change), United Nations made an
agreement at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio De
Janeiro, Brazil a conference popularly known as
the Rio Earth Summit. That agreement was The
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).
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Rio Earth Summit birth of UNFCCC
1992
1997
Kyoto Protocol adopted
1990
IPCC GHG inventory report
IPCC constituted
1988
Kyoto Protocol comes into force
2005
2008
First commitment period starts
2012
First commitment period ends
24 year story
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UNFCCC

• Signed by 154 states (plus the EU) in 1992
  foundation of global efforts to combat global
  warming.
• Objective The stabilisation of greenhouse gas
  (GHGs) concentrations in the atmosphere at a
  level that would prevent dangerous man made
  interference with the natural climate system.

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UNFCCC Members
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Mitigation of Global Warming

• Kyoto Protocol
• Amendment to the UNFCCC outlined in 1997 in
  Kyoto, Japan
• Commitment for 38 developed countries to reduce
  GHG emissions by 5.2 relative to 1990 levels
• It must be achieved by 2008 2012 first
  commitment period
• Developed countries bound with targets Annex
  I countries Such as UK, Europe, Australia etc.
• Developing countries no targets non annex I
  countries Such as India Pakistan China
  Thailand Malaysia Mexico Brazil etc.

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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias position Types of CDM projects
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Kyoto Gases GWP
There are over 30 atmospheric greenhouse
gasesBut only 6 attract CC, so called Kyoto
Gases
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Each of these gases has a different warming
potential
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Kyoto Gases GWP
Each of these gases has a different radiative
forcing capability and a different atmospheric
residence time
Need for a common currency, so that all such
Kyoto gases are denominated in the same way
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Solution develop a relative scale, using CO2 as
a reference gas
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Kyoto Gases GWP
Relative scale everything is measured relative
to CO2 e.g. Methane is 21 times more potent as a
Green House Gas than CO2 e.g. Sulphur
Hexafluoride is 23,900 times more potent!
Kyoto Gas (Green House Gas) Global Warming Potential (GWP)
CO2 1
CH4 23
N2O 310
PFC 6500 9200
HFC 140 11700
SF6 23900
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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias Position Types of CDM projects
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Clean Development Mechanism
Flexibility Mechanisms of Kyoto
Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (Achieving
part of reduction obligations of developed
countries through projects in developing
countries that reduce GHG emissions) It is
defined under Article 12 of the Kyoto
Protocol Emission Trading (Trading of emission
allowances between developed countries) Joint
implementation (Transferring emission allowances
between developed nations, linked to specific
emission reduction projects)
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Clean Development Mechanism
Purposes of CDM two primary goals
Advantages for developed countries relatively
low-cost politically acceptable
Advantages for developing countries inward
investment, environmental technology benefits
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Clean Development Mechanism
Generation of CC
CERs from a CDM project are calculated as CER
BE PE The Baseline Emissions (BE) is the
amount of GHG that would have been emitted to the
atmosphere in the absence of the CDM project
activity. PE is the Project Emissions
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What is Carbon Credit ?
Carbon credits are reduction in emission of
GHGs caused by a project 1 CER 1 tonne of CO2
equivalent (e) reduction 1 CER 1 Carbon
Credit 1 VER 1 Carbon Credit (
Earned Through Voluntary Route ) _______________
______________ CER Certified Emission
Reduction VER Voluntary Emission Reduction
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Clean Development Mechanism
Qualification for CDM Project

• Five major criteria
• a) GHG reduction - real and measurable
• b) Contribution to the sustainable development
  of the host country
• c) No diversion of official development
  assistance
• d) Demonstration of Additionality
• e) Project after 2 August 2008 Inform UNFCCC
  within Six months

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Clean Development Mechanism
Demonstration of Additionality

• Additional incentives provided by emission
  reduction credits, is a concept known as
  "additionality". It is the most significant
  requirement for a project to qualify for the CDM
  benefits.
• Emission Additionality Net decrease in GHG
  emission is called Emission Additionality.
• Financial Additionality Project funding should
  not be counted towards the financial obligations
  of the host country
• Technological Additionality CDM project
  activities should lead to transfer of
  environmentally safe sound technologies.
• If the industry is legally mandated (bound to do
  any of the above by law) to undertake the project
  activity (e.g. use of CNG for public transport in
  Delhi), such a project is generally not eligible
  for CDM benefits.

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Additionality benchmark analysis
Choose an appropriate financial indicator and
compare it with a relevant benchmark value e.g.
required return on capital or internal company
benchmark
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Some examples of additionality

• Capturing methane from an urban landfill and
  flaring it
• Carbon credits represent the only source of
  income for undertaking this activity

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• Capturing methane from an urban landfill and
  utilizing it to generate electricity
• Project developer would have to demonstrate that
  the electricity revenue alone would not make this
  project attractive

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• Building a large hydro project for the grid in
  Ethiopia
• Questionable additionality there is already
  plenty of hydro activity in Ethiopia

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CDM Cancun outcome

• Issue - Continuation of CDM Post 2012
• Progress / Decisions - Indications CDM will be
  part of new post-2012 scheme, despite
• on-going uncertainty over the
• future of the Kyoto Protocol
• Remarks
• Cancun conference decided that
• next year (at the next Climate
• Change Conference in South Africa),
• one or more new market based
• mechanism will be established.
• Any such new mechanism will maintain and build
  upon existing mechanisms, including those
  established under the Kyoto Protocol (like CDM)

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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias position Types of CDM projects
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CDM Project Cycle
CDM Approval Stages Responsible Parties Duration
A Project Design Project screening Development of PIN, PDD PCN PP 2 6 Months
B Host Country Approval (HCA) Submission of PCN PDD to NCDMA/DNA Presentation by PP during NCDMA meeting PP DNA 2 Months
C Validation Submission of PDD HCA approval letter to DOE DOE 1 Month
D Registration Submission of validation report PDD to CDM EB CDM EB 2 Months
E Project Implementation and Monitoring Implementation of project Monitoring and recording of emissions PP Continuous
F Verification and Certification Verification of emission reduction Certification of emission reduction DOE Once every year
G Issuance of CER Submission of certificate given by DOE to CDM EB Issuance of CER to Project Proponent DOE CDM EB 10 or 21 Years (variable)
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CDM - Time Needed Vs. Time Taken
Activities in CDM Cycle Time Needed (Weeks) Average Time Taken (Weeks) Reason for Delay
Preparation of PIN, PCN, PDD 8 16 Resource Constraint, Lack of Knowledge, procedural changes etc.
Host Country Approval 6 10 Delay in submission of required documents
Validation 14 24 Delay in appointment of DOE, Amendment of frequent changes in methodology, Guidelines, Tool etc.
Registration 4 - 8 24 Delay in web-hosting by EB, Req. for Review, Under Review, Corrections Requested etc.
Monitoring Verification 52 70 Delay in appointment of DOE, Delay in web-hosting by EB etc.
Issuance of CER 4 12 Req. for Review, Under Review, Corrections Requested etc.
CER Transaction 4 8 Delay in identifying buyers, ERPA signing, Buyer DNA approval etc.
Total (Approx.) 96 164
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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The CDM project cycle
6 to 12 months
1.5 months
Crediting period
Project Developer
Project feasibility assessment / PIN
CDM project development / PDD
Host country approval
DNA
Project validation
DOE
Project registration
CER issuance
CDMExecutiveBoard
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CDM Project Cycle
A) Project Design

• Three major credentials
• Project Idea Note (PIN) It includes the basic
  information and basic calculations to check the
  viability of the proposed project. It is not a
  mandatory document.
• Project Concept Note (PCN) It includes basic
  information about project and project developers,
  technology, finance, sustainable development
  criteria, project risks, baseline methodology
  etc. Mandatory document required for HCA
• Project Design Document (PDD) It is a project
  specific document which included expected
  emission reduction calculations and monitoring
  plan along with the elaborated information
  provided in the PCN. Mandatory document required
  by NCDMA DOE and CDM EB

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B) Host Country Approval
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CDM Project Cycle

• B. Validation Once the PDD has been completed
  and the HCA has been received, all documents
  along with HCA letter have to be submitted to DOE
  (Designated Operational Entity) for review and
  approval (Validation).
• C. Registration The DOE submits the validation
  report, validation opinion and a request for
  registration to the CDM EB. Registration of
  project by the CDM EB is an act of formal
  acceptance of the validated project.
• D. Project Implementation Monitoring Once the
  project has been registered, it can be
  implemented. From the point of implementation on,
  the project developer needs to monitor the
  project performance, according to the procedures
  laid out in validated monitoring plan of PDD.
• D. Verification certification The DOE verifies
  the data collected by the project developers
  according to the monitoring plan and certifies
  the total emission reductions actually occurred
  during the specified time period.
• E. Issuance of CERs Based on the DOE
  certification, CDM EB issues the CERs to the
  project proponent.

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Crediting period

• CDM mitigation projects
• Project developers have two crediting period
  options
• A maximum of 7 years, which can be renewed up to
  2 times(i.e. a potential total crediting period
  of 21 years)
• A maximum of 10 years, with no option for renewal

• CDM sequestration projects (forestry)
• Project developers have two crediting period
  options
• A maximum of 20 years, which can be renewed up to
  2 times(i.e. a potential total crediting period
  of 60 years)
• A maximum of 30 years, with no option for renewal

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Crediting period
A maximum of 10 years with no option of renewal
Emissions under the baseline scenario
Greenhouse gas emissions
Emissions under the project scenario
Starting date of the crediting period
No renewal
10 years
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Why not maximise the crediting period?
Greenhouse gas emissions
7 years
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Why not maximise the crediting period?
Baseline must be reassessed by DOE at each renewal
The baseline scenario may become less favourable
Emissions under thebaseline scenario
Greenhouse gas emissions
Emissions under theproject scenario
7 years
7 years
7 years
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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias position Types of CDM projects
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Per Capita CO2 Emissions
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19.18
19.18
20
15
10.06
10.06
10.06
10.06
9.54
9.54
9.54
10
4.91
4.91
4.91
4.91
4.91
5
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
0
India
China
Germany
Japan
U.S.A.
Source EIA 2008
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TOP 20 Emitters of the World
  Country Total Emissions (MMtCO2) Per Capita Emissions (Tons/Capita)
1. China 6534 4.91
2. United States 5833 19.18
3. Russia 1729 12.29
4. India 1495 1.31
5. Japan 1214 9.54
6. Germany 829 10.06
7. Canada 574 17.27
8. United Kingdom 572 9.38
9. Korea, South 542 11.21
10. Iran 511 7.76
11. Saudi Arabia 466 16.56
12. Italy 455 7.82
13. South Africa 451 9.25
14. Mexico 445 4.04
15. Australia 437 20.82
16. Indonesia 434 1.83
17. Brazil 428 2.18
18. France 415 6.48
19. Spain 359 8.86
20. Ukraine 350 7.61
Source EIA 2008
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Indias Position
First registration 8th March, 2005 First CER
issued 21st August, 2005 Registered projects
513 projects (as of July, 2010) HCA projects
1704 projects (as of July, 2010) Estimated CER
volume 441 million CERs (39690 Crore INR, till
2012) if they are successfully registered by
CDM-EB CERs issued 79.11 million CERs
The majority of registered project in India are
renewable energy project focusing on hydropower,
and wind energy
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The CDM project pipeline
Other7
N2O2
Fossil fuel switch3
Hydro26
Energy efficiency(industry), 4
Agriculture, 6
Biogas, 7
Landfill gas, 8
Biomass energy16
Energy efficiency(own generation)9
Wind12
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India offers vast untapped market for Carbon
Trading

• India today manufactures gt25 million tons of
  steel.
• Installed capacity of electrical power generation
  of gt110,000 MW
• Produces over gt200 million tons of food-grains
• With GDP growth of 8.5 against the energy
  consumption growth rate of 7.5

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India offers..cont.

• Leading sectors, having GHG Mitigation potential
  include energy efficiency (45), renewable energy
  (35), methane emissions abatement (15), and
  improvements in the thermal energy generation
  sector (5).
• In India, total C02-e emissions in 1990 were
  10,01,352 Gg, which was approx. 3 of global
  emissions. The Power sector was the largest
  emitter of C02, contributing 55 of national
  emissions.
• India would be requiring an additional 100,000 MW
  of power by 2012.

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Indias Position
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Indias Position
Case Study
Gujarat Fluoro Chemicals Limited Registered on
8th March, 2005 Claims 3 million CERs (270
Crore INR) every year for reducing GHG by
thermal oxidation of HFC23 (GWP 11700) Recent
monitoring report (01/08/08 to 30/09/08) claimed
1.4 million CERs (126 Crore INR) Tamilnadu
Spinning Mills Association (TASMA) Registered
on 10th June, 2007 Claims 0.69 million CERs
(62 Crore INR) every year for reducing GHG by
bundled wind power project in Tamilnadu Recent
monitoring report (01/01/08 to 31/08/08) claimed
0.6 million CERs (48.6 Crore INR)
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RE EE Potential in India
Sector Estimated Potential (MW) Installed Capacity (MW) Untapped Potential (MW)
Wind 45,195 7,844.52 37,350.48
Small Hydro (lt25 MW) 15,000 2,045.61 12,954.39
Biomass 16,881 605.8 16,275.2
Solar Power Plant --- 2.18 ---
Cogeneration bagasse 5,000 719.83 4,280.17
Waste to Energy 2,700 55.25 2,644.75
Source Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31st December 2007) Source Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31st December 2007) Source Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31st December 2007) Source Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31st December 2007)
Energy Efficiency 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source FICCI) Energy Efficiency 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source FICCI) Energy Efficiency 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source FICCI) Energy Efficiency 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source FICCI)
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Outline
Mitigation of Global Warming Kyoto Gases
GWP The CDM what how? The CDM project
Cycle Indias position Types of CDM projects
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Types of CDM Projects
Type Example
Process Change Changing over from HF process to catalytic conversion for LAB production
Process Change Continuous digester (Pulp Paper)
Energy Efficiency High efficiency equipment lighting
Energy Efficiency Replacement of old electro mechanical drives with Invertors
Energy Efficiency Waste heat recovery programmes
Fuel substitution Switching over to cleaner fuels
Fuel substitution Biogas recovery from UASB use instead of flare
Renewable Energy Wind Power
Renewable Energy Hydro Power
Renewable Energy Solar Energy
Forestry Afforestation
Forestry Reforestation
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Types of CDM Projects

• Apart from such obvious projects to claim CDM
  benefits, there are a few peculiar projects as
  well with significant CDM potentials
• Reducing the amount of energy required to deliver
  a unit of water to end-users in municipal water
  utilities Methodology AM0020
• Leak reduction from natural gas pipeline
  compressor or gas stations Methodology AM0023
• Project activities that reduce emissions through
  the construction and operation of a Bus Rapid
  Transit (BRT) system for urban road based
  transport Methodology AM0031
• Project activities that enhance energy-efficient
  lighting in households by replacing conventional
  FTL and bulbs by CFLs Methodology AM0046

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Types of CDM Projects
Small Scale CDM Projects

• Small-scale projects can use simplified
  procedures.
• The following types of projects are considered
  small-scale.
• Renewable energy projects up to 15MW capacity
• Energy efficiency projects up to 60 GWh/yr
  reduction in energy consumption
• Other projects up to 60 KtCO2 equivalent (60,000
  CER) emission reduction
• CH4 recovery in wastewater treatment
• Switching fossil fuels
• Landfill CH4 recovery

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Programmatic CDM offers new Opportunities

• Regular CDM
• Single site, stand-alone projects
• Carbon upgrades

Size-Distribution of Potential CDM Project Sites

• Bundled CDM
• Bundling several projects under a single PDD
• All projects must be identified ex ante, and must
  start at the same time

Number of installations / units

• Programmatic CDM
• Addresses the long tail of small units
• Permits sector-wide transition to low-carbon
  economy
• Particular relevance to Africa

small
large
medium
Installation / unit size
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CDM Projects in Agriculture Sector
Improved manure management
Reduced enteric fermentation
Improved/reduced chemical agri-inputs use (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc.)
Reduced machinery use (and/or lower fossil fuel intensity of conservation agriculture practices)
Agronomic planning (selection of seeds and species with low chemical agri-inputs demand and water requirements)
Energy from dedicated crops
Energy from agricultural residues, animal waste, and other on-farm organic waste
Water management (water saving from improved water retention, reduced evaporation, ect.)
Improved irrigation techniques/technologies (i.e. drip and sprayer irrigation)
Improved water management in rice cultivation
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Global contribution of agriculture to greenhouse
gas emissions.
1 Pg (Peta gram) 1 Gt (Giga tonne) 1000
million tonnes.
Source Cool Farming Climate Impacts of
Agriculture Mitigation potential GREENPEACE
2008
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Sources of direct and indirect agriculture
greenhouse gases
Sources of agriculture GHG CO2-eq Milli
on tonnes Nitrous oxide from soils
2128 Methane from cattle enteric fermentation
1792 Biomass burning 672 Rice production
616 Manure 413 Fertiliser production
410 Irrigation 369 Farm machinery
(seeding, tilling, spraying, harvest)
158 Pesticide production 72 Land conversion
to agriculture 5900
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Mt CO2-eq
CO2
CO2
CH4 N2O
CH4
CH4 N2O
N2O
CH4
CH4 N2O
sources of agricultural greenhouse gases,
excluding land use change
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GHG emissions from fossil fuel and energy use in
farm operations and production of chemicals for
agriculture.

• kg CO2-eq km-2 Pg CO2-eq
• Tillage 440 7360 0.007 0.113
• Application of agrochemicals 180 3700 0.003
  0.057
• Drilling or seeding 810 1430 0.015 0.022
• Combine harvesting 2210 4210 0.034 0.065
• Use of farm machinery Subtotal 0.059 0.257
• Pesticides (production) 220 9220 0.003
  0.14
• Irrigation 3440 44400 0.053 0.684
• Fertiliser (production) 0.284 0.575
• Total 0.399 1.656

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Energy requirement and carbon dioxide emissions
resulting from the productionof different
fertilisers

• Fertiliser Energy requirement Carbon dioxide
  emissions in in MJ kg-1 N kg (CO2)/kg
  produced
• Nitrogen 65 101 3.294 6.588
• Phosporus 15 0.366 1.098
• Potassium 8 0.366 0.732
• Lime 0.110 0.842
• Manure 0.026 0.029
• N as manure 0.6 2.9

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Global carbon stocks in vegetation and top one
metre of soils

• Biome Area Carbon Stocks
  Carbon stock
• (Pg CO2-eq) concentration
• (Pg CO2-eq M km-2)
• M km2 Vegetation Soils Total
• Tropical forests 17.60 776 791 1566 89
• Temperate forests 10.40 216 366 582 56
• Boreal forests 13.70 322 1724 2046 149
• Tropical savannas 22.50 242 966 1208 54
• Temperate grasslands 12.50 33 1080 1113 89
• Deserts and Semi deserts 45.50 29 699 728
  16
• Tundra 9.50 22 443 465 49
• Wetlands 3.50 55 824 878 251
• Croplands 16.00 11 468 479 30
• Total 151.20 1706 7360 9066 60
• Source IPCC 2001, Land use, land use change and
  forestry.

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Technical mitigation potential by 2030 of each
agricultural management practice
Source IPCC (2007) IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report Climate Change Mitigation of Climate
Change.
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Total technical mitigation potentials (all
practices, all GHGs MtCO2-eq/yr) for each
region by 2030,
Source IPCC (2007) IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report Climate Change Mitigation of Climate
Change.
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Economic potential for GHG Agricultural
mitigation by 2030
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Simplified methodologies

• Aspect 1 Technology/measure
• What would be specific examples for new
  sustainable technologies, management practice
  etc. (avail)able to reduce GHG emissions (e.g.
  reduced mechanization, low-tillage practices, or
  use of lighter machinery)?

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Simplified methodologies

• Aspect 2 Baselines
• Could you think of clear, logical and
  quantifiable procedures for the identification of
  baseline emissions, i.e. the scenario for GHG
  emissions in absence of the proposed
  activity/project?

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Simplified methodologies

• Aspect 3 Monitoring plan
• What would be simple, straight-forward
  monitoring measures /plans/indicators to verify
  GHG reductions throughout the life time of each
  respective activity/project?

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Simplified methodologies

• Aspect 4 Project boundary
• What is your idea of reasonable project
  boundaries (e.g. the physical, geographical
  boundaries of the agricultural field, including
  machinery used on the field but maybe excluding
  machinery used for processing or transportation)
  for quantifying GHG emission reductions?

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Simplified methodologies

• Aspect 5 Leakage
• Does the project/activity (indirectly) cause an
  increase in GHG emissions outside its project
  boundaries?

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Two Chinese Case Examples

• Rural Household Biogas
• Conservation Tillage

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Approved CDM methodologies
For Biogas Digesters
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Emission inventory per household under the
baseline scenario and the project scenario
respectively (tCO2e/year/household)
Manure management or CH4 emissions from biogas digester leakage CO2 emissions from coal burning Emissions per household
Baseline 0.66 1.95 2.61
Project 0.20 0.27 0.47
Emission Reduction 2.14
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Conservation Tillage

• Conservation tillage is an integrated tillage
  system in which large amounts of crop straws are
  used to cover the soil and minimize all the
  possible tillage activities.
• Conservation tillage, which employs the
  technologies such as no tillage or minimum
  tillage, micro-terrain rebuilding, land covering,
  and controlling weeds with herbicides, is aimed
  to reduce the disturbance and increase the straw
  coverage to soil (Gao HW, 2005 Gao WS, 2007 Li
  HW, 2008).
• It is composed of four essential components (Di
  Y, 2008)
• Planting techniques without tillage
• Covering soil with straws or plant residues
• Deeply loosing the soil and
• Integrated control techniques on weeds and pests.

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Conservation Tillage Increase in Soil Organic
Carbon (SOC)

• reduce the disturbance on soils to protect soil
  organic matter from oxidization and
  mineralization
• Straw coverage adds more soil organic carbon,
  which means conservation tillage may increase
  soil organic carbon in different degrees
• affects soil temperature and moisture status,
  which in turn affects soil carbon stock
  indirectly. Soil temperature affects micro
  organisms activity, and determines the
  decomposing speed of soil organic matter
• Different tillage practices may have different
  effects on micro organisms activity, which may
  lead to varying accumulation of organic matter in
  soils.

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The area of conservation tillage and its
percentage of sowing area and other farming
methods in the USA (1990-2004), unit Mha,
Source United States Conservation Tillage
Information Centre (CTIC) and Reports of Crop
Stubble Management (2004).
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Chinese case example

• 7-year (20032009) field experiment was conducted
  near in Shandong province
• Soil at the site was a loam soil, 1.345 per cent
  organic matter and pH of 7.1. Mean annual air
  temperature and precipitation in the area is
  13.0C and 621 mm, respectively
• The cropping system is winter wheat-maize
  rotation. All straw of wheat and maize was
  returned to the soil after harvest.

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Information on application amount of straw
amendment and nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen in
the straw
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Total GHG emissions under baseline
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Total GHG emissions under project activity
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Complete scenario Emission Reduction
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Shri Sharad Pawar said during 4th World Congress
on Conservation Agriculture on 4th Feb, 2009 New
Delhi

• Conservation tillage or no-tillage is now being
  practised on almost 100 million ha area worldwide
  with the major countries being USA, Brazil,
  Argentina, Canada and Australia.
• In India alone, the area under conservation
  tillage has increased to more than 2 million ha.

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But

• At present, the international climate change
  agreement post-2012 is still under negotiation.
  It is still uncertain if cropland management,
  including conservation tillage practice, can
  become an eligible project activity under CDM
  post-2012.
• Therefore, considering the effects of
  conservation tillage of enhancing the soil carbon
  stock, incentives for farmers to take actions of
  enhancing carbon sequestration, as well as
  providing technical support for reaching an
  international climate change agreement and
  associated implementation post-2012, it is
  necessary to conduct a feasibility study of
  conservation tillage as an eligible project
  activity under CDM and methodology guidelines.

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Summary

• India has a very big role to play
• More opportunities even after 2012
• Demand for CERs is likely to increase
• Market based instruments will play a key role
• Government and trade organizations have to put
  more
• efforts to create strong awareness of CDM
  specifically
• for SMEs

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Why all these to you??
The audience I am addressing consists of
Agriculture Specialists

• Secondly, the CDM project developers need to have
  certain capabilities such as
• Analytical thinking
• Mathematical ability
• Understanding of chemical processes and
  operations
• Creative opinion

The mother Earth needs our attention
You have these qualities Meaning YOU CAN DO IT
!!
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Some Important Reference

• unfccc.int
• cdmindia.in
• cdmindia.com
• UNEP Risoe Centre

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oppenhagen
exico
Magic of
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D
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urban
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Lets make the world a better place to live in
Shalin Shah Environmental Engineer Email
shalinshah65_at_gmail.com Mobile [phone]
Thank you
Dhon - no - baad