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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity

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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity Ch 21: The Slavic World By Miroslav Hroch Divisions among Slavs Linguistic: West: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs East ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity


1
Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity
  • Ch 21 The Slavic World
  • By Miroslav Hroch

2
Divisions among Slavs
  • Linguistic
  • West Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs
  • East Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians
  • South Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Macedonians,
    Bulgarians
  • Religious
  • Catholic/Protestant West Slavs Ruthenians
    (Greek Catholics), Croats, Slovenes
  • Orthodox East Slavs Serbs, Bulgarians,
    Macedonians
  • Muslim (some) Bosnians

3
Neighbors among the Slavs
  • Balts Lithuanians, Latvians
  • Finno-Ugric Hungarians, Estonians
  • Romance Romanians
  • Albanians

4
Pre-nationalist empires
  • The Slavs inhabited three multiethnic empires
    with three administrative languages
  • Tsarist Russia (Russian)
  • Ottoman (Turkish)
  • Habsburg (German)
  • Except for the Russians
  • All Slavs had a national revival
  • Slavic languages codified early 19th c
  • Slavs were primarily low status, lacking
    political power

5
Czechs
  • Czech language was used as a literary/administrati
    ve language 14th-16th c
  • Late 17th c Czech was replaced by German in
    public sphere, upper classes Germanized
  • Early 19th c Dobrovský writes grammar of Czech
    for posterity Jungmann demands rights for
    Czech language Czechs come to understand
    themselves as a nation in mid-19th c

6
Slovaks
  • Upper classes were mainly Magyarized or
    Germanized
  • Since 16th c Czech was used as literary language
  • Ethnic identity divided between Magyar (1000 yrs
    in that kingdom), Czech (Protestants), Slovak
    (Catholics)
  • 1840s Ludovit Stur creates literary Slovak, but
    it does not gain real status until Czechoslovakia
    is established in 1918

7
Sorbs
  • A small group (approx 40-100K) in the eastern
    part of Germany, differentiated into two
    linguistic varieties
  • Upper Sorbian (larger, closer to Czech)
  • Lower Sorbian (smaller closer to Polish)
  • Agitated for recognition in 19th c, did have some
    protections under East Germany (DDR), but all
    speakers are now bilingual and language is
    threatened

8
Croatians
  • Kingdom was joined to Hungary (Latin), Dalmatian
    part also used Italian
  • 16th-17th c first literary publications in
    Croatian
  • Most Croats speak a dialect shared with Serbian
    1850 agreement on common Serbo-Croatian written
    in two scripts
  • 20thc rejection of Serbian dominance, since 1980s
    independent Croatian state and language
    overemphasizing differences from Serbian

9
Serbs
  • Orthodox Church an essential component of
    identity
  • Ottoman empire late 14th-19thc, followed by
    independent Serbia
  • Vuk Karadzic led movement for Greater Serbia
    stressing linguistic identity

10
Slovenes
  • 1840s a group of SSl dialects in the Alps formed
    the basis for a literary language
  • Previously weak ethnic identity based on local
    valleys, strong tendency toward assimilation
  • Late 19thc national mobilization part of
    Yugoslavia in most of 20thc now separate state

11
Bulgarians
  • 9thc conversion to Orthodoxy and use of Old
    (Church) Slavonic, followed by Greek assimilation
    under Ottoman Empire
  • 1860s formation of literary language mostly based
    on E dialects 1878 Bulgarian nation/state
    emerges
  • Continuing struggles over what/who is/isnt
    Bulgarian (in Greece, Macedonia, Serbia)

12
Macedonians
  • Macedonian nationalism begins with establishment
    of Bulgarian state
  • Macedonians we are independent
  • Bulgarians no, they are West Bulgarians
  • Greeks no, Macedonia is part of Greece
  • Serbs no, they are Bulgarized Serbs
  • Macedonian literary lang est in 20thc, a republic
    of Yugoslavia and now an independent state

13
Poles
  • Medieval Poland-Lithuana used Polish Latin
  • Polish nationalism emerges when Poland is divided
    by conquerors (Prussia, Russia, Austria), under
    assimilation pressures (Germanification,
    Russification)
  • Cultural support from wealthy Polish diaspora in
    W Europe

14
Ukrainians
  • After dissolution of Poland-Lithuania, Ukrainian
    territory divided among Habsburg and Russian
    empires
  • Russians regard them as Little Russians, but
    Austrians allowed Ruthens to develop their
    culture
  • Ukraine is big, literary language based on
    central dialects
  • After 1917, most of Ukraine was in USSR, subject
    to Russification, remainder in Poland was later
    seized by USSR, patriots were persecuted

15
Russians
  • Literary/administrative language since middle
    ages, Russian state since 15thc
  • Since late 19thc (under tsar and continued in
    USSR) Russification of non-Russian ethnic groups
    in the multiethnic empire

16
Summary
  • Three Empires
  • Habsburg Germanification until 1860s, some
    improvements thereafter
  • Ottoman Identity keyed to religion, not language
  • Russian Persecution of non-Russians Ukrainian
    Belarusian considered dialects, Polish persecuted
    for political reasons, but slavophiles supported
    other W and S Slavs

17
Summary, contd.
  • Czechs Poles had literary languages since
    middle ages
  • Others had to codify literary language based on
    one or more dialects
  • National movements purified languages,
    distinguished them from ruling state or old
    church languages
  • Strong identity of language with social status
    and strong identification of ethnicity and
    language
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