Early 20th century revolution: china (1911-1949)

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Early 20th century revolution china(1911-1949)

• Emily DiMarco
• Michelle Bai
• WHAP Pd. 4

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Why 1911 1949?

• The Manchu Dynasty was finally overthrown in
  1911.
• The Chinese Revolution continued until 1949
  because China remained unstable and went through
  many political evolutions due to unsatisfied
  Chinese peoples.
• The Chinese Revolution ended in 1949 because 1949
  Maos Red Army took over China and created a
  more stable government.

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Causes of the Revolution

• 1. Foreign intervention The intervention of the
  West, especially Britain caused significant
  resentment amongst the Chinese because of their
  trading restrictions and their intrusions brought
  by the loss of the Opium Wars.
• 2. The lack of governmental action and
  unsuccessful reforms (abolishing the civil
  service exams) to help resolve this crisis caused
  Chinese to become disgruntled with the weak
  leadership under the Manchu Dynasty.
• 3. Increased corruption caused a significant loss
  of money for the Manchu dynasty. The government
  attempted to fix this by instating new, harsh
  taxes on their subjects, sparking revolts and
  leading people to find ways to avoid paying.

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Stage 1 1911

• 1911 Manchu Dynasty is overthrown and collapses.
  
• It collapsed due to unsuccessful reforms, weak
  governmental rulers, and citizen revolts.
• Sun Yat-sen came to power as a president and
  established a new government with three
  principles Nationalism, Democracy, and Peoples
  Livelihood.
• Yat-sen aimed to establish a republic based on
  European democracy and equality in hopes to
  modernize China.
• Yat-sen also established the KMT in 1912, which
  was the Chinese Nationalist Party.

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Stage 2 1916

• Beginning in 1916-1926 Warlord Decade
• Military zones were set up with a military leader
  governing and, sometimes, terrorizing their zone.
  
• Oppression of the lower class (peasants) grew and
  the amount of land they owned decreased.
• Caused rapid distribution of Western political,
  social, and artistic ideas in urban centers.

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Stage 3 1919

• May 4th, 1919 May 4th Movement
• After WWI, the Treaty of Versailles was signed by
  the Allied powers, acknowledging Japanese
  territorial claims in China, which angered the
  Chinese who refused to sign the Treaty.
• Due to this, about 5,000 students from Peking
  University crowded the streets to demonstrate
  against the Versailles Treaty, leading to the May
  4th Movement.
• Became a National Movement in China Protestors
  believed that Confucianism and imperialism were
  old-fashioned and China needed to be modernized.

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Stage 4 1921

• 1921 Chinese Communist Party was formed by Chen
  Duxiu and Li Dazhao. Mao Zedong was an early
  member.
• Born out of ideas of Marxism. The CCP argued
  that capitalism sponsored aggression between
  people and countries.
• Peasantry supported Marxism ? increase their
  status and standard of living.
• Mao Zedong soon became the leader of the CCP and
  adopted the ideas of Lenin (who staged a
  revolution in Russia). He also created a
  communist army.

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Stage 5 1923

• 1923 The First United Front ? The KMT and CCP
  form an alliance.
• Joined together in attempts to end Warlords
  power. Tried to Spread Communism together through
  the formation of the National Revolutionary Army.
• This leads to Lenin sending supplies and
  resources for allowing the CCP to join the KMT.

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Stage 6 1927

• 1927 The KMT purge the CCP out of fear
• After a combined successful defeat of the
  warlords the KMT decide to split from the CCP and
  purge them.
• Execution of CCP members and followers ensues and
  many go into hiding.
• Chiang Kai-shek consolidates power within KMT.

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Stage 7 1928

• 1928 Chiang Kai-shek emerges as the President of
  China
• This is because his Northern Expedition
  finally succeeded in removing the CCP from the
  government and rose to power.
• He rejected Western ideas and democracy and
  instead promoted conservative, traditional
  Chinese Culture.

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Stage 8 1928- 1937

• 1928- 1937 Nanjing Decade ? Chiang Kai-shek
  establishes the Nationalist Republic of China
  moves the capital to Nanjing.
• The United States and Britain officially
  recognize the Republic
• KMT's "New Life" movement combines Confucian and
  Fascist ideas.
• However, the government becomes corrupt and
  harsh dictator-like.
• The KMT ignored the peasants and their quality of
  life remains stagnant unlike Mao, who fought for
  them.

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Stage 9 1934

• 1934-1935 The Long March
• The nationalists imposed a blockade on the
  Communists and Mao Zedong decided to evacuate the
  area and establish a new stronghold in northwest
  China.
• Around 100,000 men headed west through
  mountainous areas and experienced terrible
  hardships along the journey.
• An estimated 30,000 survived due to the terrible
  conditions and harsh mountainous terrain.

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Stage 10 1949

• 1949 Era of Communism begins
• Mao Zedungs Red Army takes over Chinas major
  cities and assumes control over entire country
  after successfully defeating the KMT in the
  Chinese Civil War (1946-1949).
• Mao creates a more stable Chinese government,
  ending the revolution.
• The opposition, Chiang Kai-shek and KMT, escape
  to Taiwan.

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SUN YAT SEN

• Headed the Revolutionary Alliance, which toppled
  the Qing Dynasty
• Claimed mandate to rule China
• Founder and first president of the Republic of
  China
• Abdicated power in 1912 to Yuan
• Head of Nationalist Party from 1911 to 1925

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Yuan shikai

• Warlord after fall of Qing Dynasty
• Hoped to seize vacated Manchu throne and rule a
  new dynasty
• Became President in 1912 with the goal to unify
  China under a single government in Beijing
• Resigned in 1916 in the face of Japanese
  invasion because refused to accept or reject the
  Japaneses Twenty-One Demands
• Allowed rival, who was hostile to Japan, to gain
  support

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Li dazhao

• Most influential thinker who called for
  modification of Marxism to suit China
• Saw the peasants as the vanguard for
  revolutionary change, different from Lenins view
• Justified this view from the orthodox Marxist
  emphasis on working class by saying that China
  was proletarian
• Influenced Mao Zedong greatly

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CHIANG KAI-SHEK

• First head of the Whampoa Military Academy
• Not pleased by communist alliance
• Seized control of Nationalist Party (KMT) in
  1925, after Suns death
• Rejected Western ideals and wanted to preserve
  traditional Chinese culture.
• Recognized as new president of China after
  campaigns that captured Shanghai and Beijing
• Fled to Taiwan when Beijing was seized in 1949

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MAO ZE DONG

• Influenced by Li Dazhao, shared modified Marxism
  ideology
• Communist leader in revolutionary China,
• Advocated authoritarian state, extensive
  government intervention
• Fought against Guomingdang (KMT) and spearheaded
  a Long March to escape Hunan
• Gains control of China in 1949

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Results of the revolution

• Ideals of the revolution definitely changed as
  the leaders changed.
• Sun-Yat sen ? Yuan Shikai ? Chiang kai-shek ?
  Mao Zedong
• At first, democratic ideals modeled from Western
  Europe. Then switched to communism.
• China was unified under one government by 1949.
• Probably the only prominent goal that was
  achieved. Many of Suns democratic aspirations
  were abandoned.
• Lower classesspecifically peasant classgained
  the most. The wealthy and upper middle class
  lost.
• Democratic ideas were not ideal in a society
  whose majority was a starving, destitute peasant
  class. Thus, Mao championed reforms and policies
  that implemented great government intervention
  in industry and welfare.

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Results of the revolution

• Ideas that once dictated the Ancien Regime were
  abandoned completely.
• May Fourth Movement ? new youth opposition
  against elders, promotion of Western ideals and
  almost transformed China into a liberal democracy
• Recognized that these of Confucian principles
  prevented Chinese society from improving and
  modernizing

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Works cited

• 1911 Special The First Chinese Revolution.
  Proletarian Online. Communist Party of Great
• Britain (Marxist-Leninist), Oct. 2011. Web. 01
  Apr. 2014.
• Chinese Revoltuion of 1911-49 PPT. WHAP Homepage.
  n.p, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
• The Chinese Revolution of 1949. U.S. Department
  of State Office of the Historian. United
• States Department of State, n.d. Web. 01 Apr.
  2014.
• Fall of Qing. Chinas 1911 Revolution A
  Centenary Retrospective. George Washington
• University, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.
• Peoples Republic of China at 60 1925-1949
  Origins of the Chinese Revolution. LINKS
• International Journal of Socialist Renewal.
  LINKS, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

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Works cited

• Republic of China (1911-1949). Cultural
  Essentials. UCLA, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
• Sun Yat-sen Fundamentals of National
  Reconstruction. Chinese Cultural Studies. City
• University of New York at Brooklyn, n.d. Web. 31
  Mar. 2014.
• Timeline for China. Indiana University. Indiana
  University, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.