The Cold War begins 1945 -1948

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1950s The Cold War
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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The Cold War 1945-1991
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Cold War

• The Cold War was a time after WWII when the USA
  and the Soviet Union were rivals for world
  influence and a time when the two powers built up
  their military and nuclear weapons.
• NOT A SHOT WAS FIRED DURING THE COLD WAR!

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Two sides of Cold War

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• USA, France, Great Britain, West Germany
• CAPITALISM

• Warsaw Pact pro Soviet countries USSR, and
  all countries controlled by the USSR.
• COMMUNISM

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NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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YALTA (in the USSR) Date Feb 1945 Present
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
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THE YALTA CONFERENCE

• 1. At the Black Sea resort city of Yalta in the
  Soviet Union the Big Three discussed the fate
  of Germany and the postwar world.
• Stalin favored a harsh approach because of the
  devastation created by Germany. He wanted to
  keep Germany divided into occupation zones so
  that Germany would never again threaten the
  Soviet Union.
• When Churchill disagreed, Roosevelt acted as a
  mediator between the two.

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THE YALTA CONFERENCE - OUTCOMES

• 1. An agreement to temporarily divide Germany
  into four zones American, British, Soviet and
  French. (In time all zones would be brought back
  together to reunite Germany)
• 2. Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland
  and other soviet-occupied European countries.
• 3. Stalin agreed to join in the war against
  Japan. (The US kept information about the nuclear
  bomb from the Soviets)
• 4. The three leaders agreed to the creation of
  the United Nations.
• 5. They agreed to meet again.

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POTSDAM (Germany) Date July 1945 Present
Attlee, Truman and Stalin
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THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE

• 1. The same countries were present but the
  leaders were different USSR Stalin, USA
  Truman, ENGLAND Attlee
• 2. They met at the city of Potsdam near Berlin,
  Germany in July 1945.
• 3. Many of the things that Stalin agreed to in
  the Yalta Conference he was not keeping.

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THE POTSDAM CONFERNCE - OUTCOMES

• 1. Stalin refused free elections in Poland.
  Truman wanted free elections in order to spread
  democracy and stop communism.
• 2. Stalin wanted to take all of Germanys
  resources to pay for damages in Russia. Truman
  wanted free trade and a strong economy in all of
  Europe.
• 3. NO AGREEMENTS WERE MADE BETWEEN NATIONS!

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U.S. AIMS VERSUS SOVIET AIMS IN EUROPE

• THE US WANTED TO
• 1. Create a world in which nations had the right
  of self-determination
• 2. Gain access to raw materials and markets for
  its own industries
• 3. Rebuild European governments to ensure
  stability and to create new markets for American
  goods.
• 4. Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would
  be more secure if Germany were productive.

• THE SOVIETS WANTED TO
• 1. Encourage communism in other countries as
  part of the worldwide struggle between workers
  and the wealthy.
• 2. Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern
  Europes industrial equipment and raw materials.
• 3. Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S.
  influence in Western Europe.
• 4. Keep Germany divided and weak so that it
  would never again threaten the Soviet Union.

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Iron Curtain A term used by Winston Churchill
to describe the separating of Those
communist lands of East Europe from the West.
Divided Germany
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Improve your knowledge
Divided Berlin

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture
  Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early
  occupation trying to take over all zones of the
  city but were stopped by German democrats such as
  Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
  Russians had to admit the Americans, French and
  British to their respective zones.

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Berlin Wall

• Berlin is Germanys capital city.
• The Soviets built the wall to keep communists
  from escaping to the American sector.

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Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
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Berlin blockade led to Berlin Airlift
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CURRENT PHOTOS A BERLIN WALL
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Wall torn down in 1989.
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THE ARMS RACE DURING THE COLD WAR

• The Soviet Union did not trust the United States.
  The United States did not trust the Soviet
  Union.
• In Early 1946 Stalin gave a public speech
  announcing that communism and capitalism were
  incompatible and that another war was inevitable.
• Each country began to build more and more nuclear
  weapons.

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Nuclear Missiles!
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Marshall Plan

• USAs plan to send food, blankets, fuel to Europe
  to help them. AND to keep them from turning
  communist.

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Marshall Plan

• The Marshall Plan, officially, was the primary
  plan of the United States for rebuilding the
  allied countries of Europe and repelling
  communism after World War II
• During that period some 13 billion of economic
  and technical assistance was given to help the
  recovery of the European

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Truman Doctrine

• The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that
  the USA would support free peoples who are
  resisting communism.
• This led to containment policy of containing
  communism where it is.

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Truman Doctrine

• The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign
  policy designed to contain Communism by giving
  Greece and Turkey economic aid.
• It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and
  Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent
  their falling into the Soviet sphere.
• The Doctrine shifted American foreign policy
  towards the Soviet Union
• It is often used by historians as the starting
  date of the Cold War.

On March 12, 1947
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What is the United Nations?
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United Nations

• International Organization where countries try to
  find peaceful solutions

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United Nations

• It has no army but uses troops from other
  countries.

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WHAT CAUSED THE COLD WAR?

• 4 CAUSES

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1. MUTUAL DISTRUST

• A. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the US
  tried to overthrow the government.
• B. During WWII Stalin was angry at the US and
  Britain over the Second Front created to defeat
  Hitler.
• C. The US hid information regarding the Atomic
  Bomb from Stalin.
• D. After WWII Stalin took over Eastern Europe
  and did not hold free elections.

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2. Two Ideologies

• A. Communism and Capitalism are opposites of
  each other.
• B. Communism wants state control of everything.
• C. Capitalism wants people to control everything
  free elections, private business ownership etc.
  . . .

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3. The Arms Race

• A. The US and Soviet Union were always building
  new and more powerful weapons to see who had the
  most.
• B. The race to see who could put the first man
  in space occurred at this time also.

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4. Competition in the Third World

• A. The US and Soviet Union were each trying to
  win the hearts and minds of people in Asia,
  Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.
• B. The USSR was trying to spread communism and
  the US was trying to stop them.

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THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
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THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

• China becomes communist.
• During WW2 the US had supported Chiang Kaishek
  against the communist leader Mao Zedong.
• In 1944 a famine hit China, Chiangs secret
  police arrest people for no reason.
• Mao Zedong and the Communists encouraged peasants
  to learn to read and helped them to improve food
  production
• Between 1944 and 1947 China experience civil war.
  During this time many of Chiangs followers
  fled to the island of Taiwan where they
  established the Peoples Republic of China.
• Mao Zedong was free to rule China as a communist
  country.

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THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

• KOREA becomes communist
• When WW2 ended Japanese troops north of the 38th
  parallel (in Korea) surrendered to the Soviets.
• Japanese troops south of the parallel surrendered
  to American troops.
• In 1948 the Republic of Korea (S Korea)
  established a government while at the same time
  the communists formed the Democratic Peoples
  Republic of Korea in the north led by Kim II
  Sung.
• By 1949 the Soviets were sending North Korea
  tanks, planes and money in an attempt to help the
  North Koreans take over the entire peninsula.

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THE KOREAN WAR
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Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease BRINKMANSHIP
all out total war short of nuclear war
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Korea and Vietnam

• USA tried to contain communism. In both wars,
  communist troops fought armies trained and funded
  by the USA.

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Communists invaded from the north. China sent a
million troops to help reds.
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Korean War

• After the failure of the promise of Korean
  independence by the Allied nations, on June 25,
  1950, communist North Korean troops invaded South
  Korea. Poorly armed, the South Koreans were no
  match for the North. The United Nations ordered
  North Korea to withdraw its troops. General
  MacArthur was appointed to command all UN troops
  in Korea. After three years of fighting a
  stalemate, more than 54,000 American troops
  perished.

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• I want to talk plainly to you tonight about what
  we are doing in Korea and about our policy in the
  Far East.
• In the simplest terms, what we are doing in Korea
  is this We are trying to prevent a third world
  war.
• It is right for us to be in Korea. It was right
  last June. It is right today.
• The best time to meet the threat is in the
  beginning. It is easier to put out a fire in the
  beginning when it is small than after it has
  become a roaring blaze.
• And the best way to meet the threat of aggression
  is for the peace-loving nations to act together.
  If they don't act together, they are likely to be
  picked off, one by one....
• Why can't we take other steps to punish the
  aggressor? Why don't we bomb Manchuria and China
  itself? Why don't we assist Chinese Nationalist
  troops to land on the mainland of China?

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How did the USA try to contain communism?
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Marshall Plan helped countries economically so
they wont go red.