The Foundations of Medieval Christianity

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The Foundations of Medieval Christianity

• Ecumenical Councils

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Imperial Structure Tetrarchy

• Augustus of the East Diocletian (285-305)
• Ceasar of the East Galerius (293-311)
• Augustus of the West
• Maximian (292-305)
• Ceasar of the West Constantinus (293-306)

• Diocletian
• Galerius

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 Divisions of the Roman Empire under
Diocletian  

• Diocletian divided the empire into 4
  prefectures and 17 dioceses.

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Diocletian Persecution

• Persecutes Christians for the sake of state
  unity.
• The persecution continued in the East until 311.
• Four Stages
• All military personnel must sacrifice to the gods
  (300)
• All churches to be destroyed and Scriptures
  burned (303)
• All clergy arrested (303)
• All citizens to offer sacrifices (304)

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Constantine (306-337)

• Born in Dacia (274), mother was Christian but
  father pagan.
• Served under Galerius in 303.
• Father (Constantinus) died in Britain in 306 and
  the army elected Constantine as his replacement.
• Galerius died in 311 and the struggle for
  imperial power in the ensued.

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Conversion of Constantine

• Constantine crossed the Alps and moved toward
  Rome in 312 for the Battle of Milvian Bridge near
  Rome against Maxentius.
• Vision cross above the sun with the words by
  this sign you will conquer (in hoc signo vinces)
• Dream Christ commanded him to draw the Chi-Ro
  on the shields of his soldiers.

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Friend of Christianity

• After victory, he was convinced Christ was a real
  power and decided to show the peace of Christ.
• He declared Christianity a legal religion with
  the Edict of Milan (313) and by 323 had united
  the Empire under one Emperor.
• Favored Christianity
• Built Churches
• Makes Sunday a day of worship
• Initiates Christmas as festival
• Ordered new copies of the Bible
• Gave bishops a rank equal to Senators
• Excluded churches and clergy from
• taxation

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New Capital

• During the Tetrarchy of 305, the four capitals
  were Trier, Milan, Thessaloniki, and Nicomedia.
• In 330, Constantine established his new capital
  in the NW corner of Asia Minor and called it
  Constantinople (at Byzantium). Indeed, he left
  Rome in 324 never to return.
• It was built on seven hills (like Rome) with a
  forum, hippodrome, Senate and its people received
  subsidized grain and paid no taxes. Unlike Rome,
  it was a Christian capital with few traces of
  paganism.
• He also began the construction of a church in the
  city which would become known as the Hagia
  Sophia. 2/3 of the worlds wealth was said to be
  in Constantinople (originally name New Rome).

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Constantinople
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Rome and Christianity

• Edict of Milan (312) Christianity is tolerated.
• Constantine presided over the first Christian
  Ecumenical Council at Nicea (325).
• Successive emperors were sometimes Arian (such as
  Constantines son Constantius), sometimes
  Trinitarians. They often used violence to coerce
  unity.
• The Emperors are now all Christian, except one
  (Julian the Apostate, 361-63).
• Theodosius I (Trinitarian) made Christianity the
  compulsory religion of state employees in 389,
  outlawed paganism in 391, and declared
  Christianity the only legal religion in 395.

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Rome and the Church

• The church (especially the clergy, specifically
  the bishops) grew in wealth and power due to the
  privileges of the state.
• The influx of pagans into the church created
  new problemsmoving from 10 of the population in
  300 to probably 60 of the population in 400.
• Even the Emperor Theodosius was forced to do
  public penance for his massacre 1000s in
  Thessalonica in 389.

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Romes New Problem (360-390s)

• The Barbarian tribes (the Germanic tribes),
  particularly the Goths, admired the Romans.
• They sought alliances (protection from the Huns),
  trade and participation in Roman civilization.
• The Romans needed alliances to defeat the Huns
  who were invading across Hungary, Northern Italy
  and into Gaul.

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Rome and the Goths

• Running from the Huns, the Goths sought a Roman
  alliance in 360s.
• Rome regarded them as a buffer between themselves
  and the Huns, but the Romans exploited and
  enslaved them.
• At the battle of Adrianpole (379), the Emperor
  Valens was killed and the Goths overran the
  Empire.

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Battle of Adrianople
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Theodosius, Last Unified Emperor (379-391)

• After the death of Valens (378), Theodosius made
  peace with the Goths.
• After Theodosius death in 395, the empire was
  divided between east and west.
• Honorius in the West (395-423) and Arcadius
  (395-408) in the East.
• Honorius moved the Western capital to Ravenna in
  401.

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The Emperor Honorius at his court in Ravenna
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Germanic Invasions
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The Sack of Rome (410)

• Honorius drove the Goths out of Greece twice.
• However, he could not prevent Alaric of the Goths
  from moving through Italy and sacking Rome in 410
  (the first time in 800 years).

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Leo the Great of Rome

• Leo was the Bishop of Rome during the time of
  many Germanic incursions (440-461).
• He appropriated the title of Pontifex Maximus
  and claimed to be the ecumenical bishop of the
  church. Claimed to be the successor of Peterthe
  ruler of the catholic church.
• He met with Attila the Hun and persuaded him to
  forego sacking Rome (through a bribe).
• With the loss of imperial power in Italy,
  especially Rome, Leo and subsequent Bishops of
  Rome became the most powerful leaders in the West.

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Galla Placidia (Honorius sister) guided the West
to 450 Aided by capable Roman general Aetius He
won important victories over Visigoths He and
Theodoric of Constantinople turned back Attila
the Hun at Chalons in 451
Attila the Hun The Scourge of Europe
Coin of Aetius
Galla Placidia
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The Tomb of Galla Placidia at Ravenna
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The Fall of the Roman West

• The Western empire went through a succession of
  generals as emperors. They all failed to stop
  the incursions.
• Odovacar, a Goth, took over the remains of the
  Western empire in Italy in 476 from the 12-year
  old emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

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Europe Under the Germanic Tribes
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Justinian (527-565)

• Sought to re-establish the Roman Empirefor both
  imperial and theological reasons.
• Reconquered parts of Spain (Visigoths), Africa
  (Vandals) and Italy (Ostrogoths) from the
  Barbaric kingdoms.
• Through diplomacy and defense (600 forts in the
  Balkans), the eastern empire reached the zenith
  of its greatness.

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Empire Renewed

• Justinian restored the Empire to the practical
  dimensions of Theodosius I in 395 except for much
  of Spain and France. As such, he was the last
  Roman Emperor of the united Empire.

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Justinian, State and Church

• Justinian asserted the right of Emperor to
  determine church theology and force acceptance.
  He was as close an example of Caesaropapism as we
  have in history. Ultimately, it was competitive
  but usually more like joint spheres of influence
  in which both have influence in the others
  concern. The Emperor (autocrator), however,
  represented Christ (pantocrator).
• Justinian codified and reformed the tax and legal
  codes of the Empire, called Justinian Code.
  These formed the basis of future law reform in
  the West (12th century). They were based on
  previous Roman jurisprudence, imperial edicts,
  and Institutes (a handbook for the use of law
  students).
• He closed the schools of Plato and Aristotle in
  Athens in 529 which signaled the end of Paganism
  and end of the ancient world.

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Mosaic in St. Vitale in Ravenna, which Justinian
built
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Map of Post-Justinian Empire, ca. 700
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The Arian Controversy (321-325)

• Arius affirmed there was a time when the Logos
  did not exist
• Alexander the bishop of Alexandria who deposed
  Arius for his views.
• Athanasius the supporter and major theological
  defender of Alexander.
• Eusebius of Nicomedia the bishop who supported
  Arius and was a councilor of Emperor Constantine.

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Divided Christianity

• Arians
• Leader Arius
• Taught that there was a time when the Son did not
  exist.
• Sought to preserve the monarchy of the Father who
  alone is true God.
• Holy Spirit is a power, energy rather than a
  person.

• Trinitarians
• Leader Athanasius
• Taught that the Son was co-eternal with the
  Father.
• Sought to preserve the confession that Jesus is
  God.
• The Holy Spirit is co-eternal with the Father and
  Son as a person.

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The Council of Nicea (325)

• Called and overseen by Constantine in order to
  preserve unity within the church (and thus his
  Empire).
• About 250 of the 1800 bishops in the Empire
  attended.
• All but two signed the resultant creed though
  some were hesitant.
• Constantine himself insisted on the language of
  homoousia (same substance) rather than
  homoiousia (like substance).

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Council of Nicea, 325 AD

• We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker
  of all things visible and invisible and in one
  Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the
  only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of
  the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God
  of very God, begotten , not made, being of one
  substance (homoousia) with the Father. By whom
  all things were made, both which be in heaven and
  in earth. Who for us men and for our salvation
  came down from heaven and was incarnate and was
  made man. He suffered and the third day he rose
  again, and ascended into heaven. And he shall
  come again to judge both the quick and the dead.
  And in the Holy Ghost. And whosoever shall say
  that there was a time when the Son of God was
  not, or that before he was begotten he was not,
  or that he was made of things that were not, or
  that he is of a different substance or essence
  from the Father or that he is a creature, or
  subject to change or conversion--all that so say,
  the Catholic and Apostolic Church anathematizes
  them.

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Nicea and the Roman Bishop

• The Council organized the structure of the church
  in parallel with the Empire using the same
  designations and territorial outlines.
• The Council recognized four chief bishops
  Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Rome.
• The Bishop of Rome was recognized as first among
  equals.

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The Ascendancy of Arianism

• After Constantine was persuaded to accept an
  ambiguous statement from Arius, Athanasius was
  exiled or went into hiding five times over the
  next forty years.
• Constantius became the sole ruler of the Empire
  in 353 and supported Arianism. Niceans were
  persecuted.
• Even some Western bishops bowed to the will of
  Constantinus who declared my will is the canon
  for you. Pope Liberius and others were exiled,
  and Athanasius stood alone against the Arian
  world (having gone into hiding in the deserts of
  Egypt).
• In response, some bishops met in council at
  Constantinople in 360 and declared that the Son
  is like the Father (homoousia).
• During the reign of Julian the Apostate
  (361-363), without imperial pressure the church
  began to gravitate more toward the Nicean
  position once again.

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Triumph of Nicea

• Valentian became emperor in 363 over the West and
  appointed his brother Valens (363-378) emperor
  over the East.
• This was the time of the Cappodocian Fathers
  Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and
  Gregory of Nyssa.
• Though Valens supported the Arian party, the
  Cappodocians persuaded the church to reaffirm the
  Nicean Creed.
• When Theodosius became Emperor in 379, he
  reaffirmed the Nicean creed and called the
  Council of Constantinople of 381. This
  reaffirmed Nicea.

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Rome, Arianism and the East

• Pope Julius of Rome in 340 supported the Nicene
  creed and sided with Athanasius. He called for a
  council in Rome to decide the question. Eastern
  bishops rejected the call.
• Julius responded Do you not know that the
  custom is that we should be written to first, and
  that judgment is rendered here? What I write you
  and what I say we received from the blessed
  Apostle Peter.

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Council of Constantinople, 381

• And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and
  Giver-of-Life, who proceeds from the Father, who
  with the Father and the Son together is
  worshipped and glorified, who spoke by the
  prophets. And in one, holy, Catholic and
  Apostolic Church. We acknowledge one Baptism for
  the remission of sins, and we look for the
  resurrection of the dead and the life of the
  world to come. Amen.

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Ecclesial Jurisdiction

• Canon 3 The Bishop of Constantinople,
  however, shall have the prerogative of honor
  after the Bishop of Rome because Constantinople
  is New Rome.
• Leo I and papal legates at the later council of
  Chalcedon (451) rejected the reordering of the
  Nicean canon. Pope Damascus I was not invited to
  Constantinople for the council in 381.
• The Eastern Church has always recognized the
  Bishop of Rome as first among equals but does
  not recognize the jurisdiction of the Bishop of
  Rome in its own jurisdiction.

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Nestorian Controversy (428-431)

• Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, refused to
  call Mary by the title of theotokos (Mother of
  God).
• Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, argued that since
  Christ is one person united to God and humanity
  Mary is the bearer of God.
• Rome sided with Cyril.
• Nestorius persuaded Theodosius II to call an
  ecumenical council in Ephesus. The Council
  divided into two parties Cyril vs. Nestorius.

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Council of Ephesus (431)

• 1 If anyone will not confess that the Emmanuel
  is very God, and that therefore the Holy Virgin
  is the Mother of God, inasmuch as in the flesh
  she bore the Word of God made flesh (as it is
  written, "The Word was made flesh") let him be
  anathema.
• 2 If anyone shall not confess that the Word of
  God the Father is united hypostatically to flesh,
  and that with that flesh of his own, he is one
  only Christ both God and man at the same time
  let him be anathema.
• 11 Whosoever shall not confess that the flesh of
  the Lord gives life and that it pertains to the
  Word of God the Father as his very own, but shall
  pretend that it belongs to another person who is
  united to him i.e., the Word only according to
  honor, and who has served as a dwelling for the
  divinity and shall not rather confess, as we
  say, that that flesh gives life because it is
  that of the Word who gives life to all let him
  be anathema.

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Harmony Restored

• Problem Cyril had affirmed one nature of God
  the Word Incarnate. To John of Antioch this
  seemed to confuse the divine and human natures.
• In 432 representatives from Antioch met with
  Cyril in Alexandria. They emerged with a
  formula of union (433).

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Formula of Union (433)

• We confess, then, our lord Jesus Christ, the
  only begotten Son of God perfect God and perfect
  man of a rational soul and a body, begotten
  before all ages from the Father in his godhead,
  the same in the last days, for us and for our
  salvation, born of Mary the virgin, according to
  his humanity, one and the same consubstantial
  with the Father in godhead and consubstantial
  with us in humanity, for a union of two natures
  took place. Therefore we confess one Christ, one
  Son, one Lord. According to this understanding of
  the unconfused union, we confess the holy virgin
  to be the mother of God because God the Word took
  flesh and became man and from his very conception
  united to himself the temple he took from her. As
  to the evangelical and apostolic expressions
  about the Lord, we know that theologians treat
  some in common as of one person and distinguish
  others as of two natures, and interpret the
  god-befitting ones in connection with the godhead
  of Christ and the lowly ones with his humanity.

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Monophysite Controversy (433-451)

• Cyrils acceptance of the Formula of Union
  upset some in Alexandria who preferred the one
  nature (mia physis) formula.
• Upon Cyrils death, this party emerged in
  rebellion against the Formula of Union led by
  Bishop Dioscurus.
• Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople, condemned
  Eutyches (a monophysite) and was supported by
  Pope Leo I of Rome who wrote a letter (Tome)
  against monophysitism.
• Theodosius called a council in Ephesus (robber
  synod) in 449 which involved violent action by
  monks against Flavian (who was beaten, deposed
  and exiled).
• Emperor Marcian called another council in 451 at
  the request of Leo I in Chalcedon near
  Constantinople. The Council decided against
  monophysitism.

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Council of Chalcedon (451)

• Following the holy Fathers we teach with one
  voice that the Son and our Lord Jesus Christ is
  to be confessed as one and the same, that he is
  perfect in Godhead and perfect in manhood, very
  God and very man, of a reasonable soul and body
  consisting, consubstantial with the Father as
  touching his Godhead, and consubstantial with us
  as touching his manhood made in all things like
  unto us, sin only excepted begotten of his
  Father before the worlds according to his
  Godhead but in these last days for us men and
  for our salvation born of the Virgin Mary, the
  Mother of God according to his manhood. This one
  and the same Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son
  must be confessed to be in two natures,
  unconfusedly, immutably, indivisibly, inseparably
  united, and that without the distinction of
  natures being taken away by such union, but
  rather the peculiar property of each nature being
  preserved and being united in one Person and
  subsistence, not separated or divided into two
  persons, but one and the same Son and
  only-begotten, God the Word, our Lord Jesus
  Christ, as the Prophets of old time have spoken
  concerning him, and as the Lord Jesus Christ hath
  taught us, and as the Creed of the Fathers hath
  delivered to us.

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Leos Authority

• Leo I (the Great) had written a letter to the
  council of Ephesus (449) declaring his
  Christological views.
• According to tradition, after Leos letter had
  been read to Chalcedon, the 630 bishops and 4
  papal legates present exclaimed unanimously,
  "What Leo believes we all believe, anathema to
  him who believes anything else. Peter has spoken
  through the mouth of Leo."
• His Tome (letter) was included as part of the
  official documents of Chalcedon.

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Constantinople and Chalcedon

• The Council (451) recognized Constantinople as a
  patriarchate (along with Rome, Alexandria,
  Antioch and Jerusalem).
• Its jurisdiction include Asia Minor, Pontus,
  Thrace and all northern unconverted regions
  (ultimately to include Russia).
• It was also recognized as first among equals in
  the east and given appellate authority from the
  other sees.

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Division

• Chalcedon did not settle the problem.
  Monophysite and Chalcedonian bishops were elected
  in various sees (sometimes two in one see).
• When the Chalcedonian bishop of Alexandria
  appealed to Pope Felix III in 484 to secure the
  support against Acacius, Bishop of
  Constantinople, Acacius refused to recognize
  Felix III. Pope Felix III then deposed and
  excommunicated Acacius.
• This was the first formal split between West and
  East.
• It ended in 518 when a Chalcedonian bishop was
  installed in Constantinople.
• Ultimately Syrian and Egyptian (Coptic) churches
  rejected Chalcedon and affirmed monophysitism.

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Council of Constantinople II (553)

• 1 If anyone shall not confess that the nature or
  essence of the Father, of the Son, and of the
  Holy Ghost is one, as also the force and the
  power if anyone does not confess a
  consubstantial Trinity, one Godhead to be
  worshipped in three subsistences or Persons let
  him be anathema. For there is but one God even
  the Father of whom are all things, and one Lord
  Jesus Christ through whom are all things, and one
  Holy Spirit in whom are all things.
• 2 If anyone shall not confess that the Word of
  God has two nativities, the one from all eternity
  of the Father, without time and without body the
  other in these last days, coming down from heaven
  and being made flesh of the holy and glorious
  Mary, Mother of God and always a virgin, and born
  of her let him be anathema.
• 4 If anyone shall say that the union of the Word
  of God to man was only according to grace or
  energy, or dignity, or equality of honor, or
  authority, or relation, or effect, or power, or
  according to good pleasure in this sense that God
  the Word was pleased with a man, that is to say,
  that he loved him for his own sakelet him be
  anathema.

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Council of Constantinople III (680)

• one and the same Christ our Lord the
  only-begotten Son of two natures un-confusedly,
  unchangeably, inseparably indivisibly to be
  recognized, the peculiarities of neither nature
  being lost by the union but rather the
  proprieties of each nature being preserved,
  concurring in one Person and in one subsistence,
  not parted or divided into two persons but one
  and the same only-begotten Son of God, the Word,
  our Lord Jesus Christ, according as the Prophets
  of old have taught us and as our Lord Jesus
  Christ himself hath instructed us, and the Creed
  of the holy Fathers hath delivered to us
  defining all this we likewise declare that in him
  are two natural wills and two natural operations
  indivisibly, inconvertibly, inseparably,
  inconfusedly, according to the teaching of the
  holy Fathers. And these two natural wills are not
  contrary the one to the other (God forbid!) as
  the impious heretics assert, but his human will
  follows and that not as resisting and reluctant,
  but rather as subject to his divine and
  omnipotent will. For as his most holy and
  immaculate animated flesh was not destroyed
  because it was deified but continued in its own
  state and nature, so also his human will,
  although deified, was not suppressed, but was
  rather preserved according to the saying of
  Gregory Theologus "His will i.e., the
  Saviour's is not contrary to God but altogether
  deified."

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Pope Innocent I (401-417)

• The western Emperor Honorius had moved his
  government to Ravenna.
• Innocent I was Pope when Rome was sacked by the
  Visigoths in 410.
• Innocent I took the opportunity to extend his
  authority in both political and theological
  contexts.
• He confirmed the decisions of the North African
  churches against Pelagianism as he sided with
  Augustine.
• He took on political and judicial functions in
  the city of Rome, especially the absence of
  imperial authority.

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Pope Leo I (the Great), 440-461

• Leo centralized western ecclesial government and
  located juridical power in Rome.
• Leo also led the city politically and was praised
  for dissuading Attila the Hun from sacking Rome
  in 452.
• Stressed the priority of Rome in the universal
  government of the church, especially as he sought
  to maintain jurisdiction over Illyricum.
• Leo is sometimes regarded as the first Roman
  Pope since he stressed his universal
  responsibility for the church based on Petrine
  supremacy and his rights as the successor of
  Peter.

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Christian Meeting Places

• In the New Testament, the meeting place was
  primarily domesticin homes.
• The Jerusalem church met in the temple for
  teaching and prayer, and also met in their homes
  for breaking bread.
• The shift from domestic meeting place to a
  dedicated meeting facility had significant impact
  on the nature of Christianity.

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Dura Europos Church Plan
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Dura Europos Church Plan
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Dura Europas Baptistry
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The Roman Basilica

• Romans emphasized law and order.
• Their law courts were not only places for legal
  proceedings but were centers of civic and public
  activities. They functioned sometimes as town
  meeting halls under the guidance of the
  government.
• The basilica form was adopted by Christians as
  the best architecture suited for church buildings
  (rather than temples).

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The Roman Basilica
Basilicas took their form from a ship. The
center portion was the nave (from Latin word for
ship), flanked by side aisles, and a curved end
known as an apse.
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The largest and most impressive Roman basilica
was built by Maxentius and finished by
Constantine in the early 4th century. The apse
contained a colossal statue of Constantine. It
stood until largely destroyed by an earthquake in
the 17th century.
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Two views showing how the Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine would have appeared originally
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Christian Basilica (Constantines Basilica at
Trier)
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Basilica as Church Building

• A basilica was a Roman town hall derived from a
  Greek word which means belonging to the king.
• The apse was the authority seat in the hall where
  the council or chairperson would sit.
• The bishops chair was called a throne (cathedra)
  because the Greek word also referred to a
  teachers seat and not only to royalty.

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Drawing of St. Peters Basilica
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Interior of St. Peters Basilica
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St. John Lateran
Built originally as the Church of the Redeemer,
it is the first of Constantines four basilica
churches, and was the main church for Rome until
the 16th century when replaced by the new St.
Peters at the Vatican.
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Santa Maria Maggiore
Great basilica church of the fifth century
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Interior of Santa Maria Maggiore
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Altar of SM Maggiore. Some of the original 5th
century mosaics are visible above the arch behind
the altar
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Buildings and the Arts

• Just as Roman public buildings were decorated
  with art, so church buildings were decorated with
  frescos and mosaics.
• The earliest known Christian mosaic was found
  beneath St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus
  is pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god,
  Helios.
• Frescos were more common as mosaics were
  expensive. Most of these are lost to us due to
  the Germanic settling of the West but frescos
  were revived in the Renaissance period.

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Earliest Christian Mosaic, ca. 300

• Earliest known Christian mosaic was found beneath
  St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus is
  pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god, Helios.

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Building Churches

• Europe saw a church building craze in the High
  Medieval Period.
• In 1050-1350 France alone, 80 cathedrals, 500
  large churches and 10,000 parish churches were
  erected.
• As Germanic Europe became Christian Europe, the
  church building was a cultural as well as a
  religious symbol. Churches functioned as civic
  centers in the cities and thus were also a
  source of civic pride.

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Ralph Glaber, monk, ca. 1050

• Shortly after the year 1000, all Christian
  peoples were seized with a great desire to outdo
  one another in magnificence. It was as if the
  very world had shaken itself, and, casting off
  her old garments, was clothing herself everywhere
  in a white robe of churches.

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Romanesque Style

• Where Western Europe
• When 1000-1200
• Major Building Form Churches, Castles

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Romanesque Style

• Plan cruciform (Latin Cross), compartmentalized
  on a basilica plan
• Support sturdy piers, thick walls with small
  windows
• Hallmark rounded arches, barrel vault
• Décor stone sculpture

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Romanesque Additions

• The pier (an upright support generally square, or
  rectangular in plan) is a better solution for
  masonry walls, than the column. Columns are
  subsequently replaced by piers, or transformed to
  better support the masonry arches.
• The portal as a church entrance was introduced
  with the Romanesque style.

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Piers at Saint-SaturninAuvergne,France
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Church of St. Trophime, Arles, France (12th
century)
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Romanesque Style

• Effect Massive, segmented
• Interior dimly lit by small windows and
  candles/lamps around the altar.
• Inspiration Roman construction (basilica plan,
  rounded arches, vaulted ceilings, columns)
• Goal To accommodate pilgrims to express awe as
  eyes are drawn to the space above the ambulatory
  with small windows of light illuminating the
  altar.

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Floor plan of Romanesque Church
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Romanesque Church
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St. Andrews Church, Krakow (1079)
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St. Pantaleon, Cologne, Germany (1100)
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Duomo and Bell Tower, Pisa, Italy
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The Pisa Cathedral (1063-1350) with Bell Tower
(1174-1271) and Baptistry (1153-1265).
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