Global Review

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Global Review
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Early Civilizations
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• Hunters and Gatherers (Old Stone Age)
• Also called nomads, or people who moved from
  place to place.
• Social structure consisted of small groups of
  people that traveled together.
• Made simple tools and weapons, such as digging
  sticks and spears.
• Developed a language which allowed them to
  cooperate in a hunt.
• Began burying dead with care- maybe believed in
  afterlife
• Buried tools and weapons with their dead.
• Invented clothing made of animal skins.
• Used fire for warmth and for cooking food.

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• Nomad
• A member of a group that has no permanent home,
  wandering from place to place in search of food
  and water.
• Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on
  hunting animals and collecting plant foods are
  called hunter-gatherers.
• These people increased their food supply by
  inventing tools such as spears and knives.
• The nomadic lifestyle eventually lead to the
  domesticated way of life, where crops were
  planted and animals were raised for food.
• In present day, nomads still exist in places such
  as the Kalahari Desert and the BaMbuti rainforest.

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• Neolithic
• Neolithic revolution was around 10,000 B.C.
• Environmental changes caused an end to the stone
  age because people could farm and domesticate
  animals.
• People no longer had to wander to search for food
  but could raise their own food and live in
  permanent settlements.
• This new age was called the Neolithic period
• The new discoveries called the Neolithic
  Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution because
  the new farming discoveries changed the way
  people lived.

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• Cultural Diffusion (The old stone age)
• The exchange of ideas, customs, and goods among
  cultures.
• Migration, during the old stone age people
  migrated into North America and other migrated to
  the islands in the Pacific, led to cultural
  diffusion.
• Cultural diffusion also occurred through trade
  and warfare.
• An example is the Sumerians, as their population
  and trade increased the Sumerians started coming
  in contact with other people. New cities were
  arising all over the Fertile Crescent. The
  Sumerians absorbed ideas such as religious
  beliefs from neighboring cultures.

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• Civilization
• Defined as a complex culture with five
  characteristics (1)advanced cities,
  (2)specilized workers, (3)complex institutions,
  (4) record keeping, and (5) advanced technology
• Advanced cities center for trade
• Specialized workers not everyone had to farm
  people could specialize in other areas like
  traders or artisans.
• Complex institutions like government need to be
  a lasting pattern of organization in a community
• Record keeping all civilizations have a system
  of writing to keep track of taxes and laws
• advanced technology new tools and techniques
  that are needed to solve the problems.

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• Pharaoh
• The King of ancient Egypt
• The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a
  ruler
• This type of government was a theocracy because
  Pharaoh was a divine figure and at the head of
  government
• The Egyptians believed that Pharaoh was in charge
  of the kingdom's well-being
• He caused the sun to rise and the crops to grow
• The pharaoh also was responsible for the court
  system and promoting truth and justice
• Egyptians also believed that their kings ruled
  even after they had died
• Pyramids were built for the pharaohs because it
  was believed that their eternal spirit reigned
  forever
• 
  

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• Fertile Crescent
• The Fertile Crescent is an area of land that lies
  between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean
  Sea in Southwest Asia.
• The Fertile Crescent is also known as
  Mesopotamia.
• The people of which were the first to settle in
  this area around 4500 B.C, were the Sumerians.
• The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, which lie
  within the crescent, flow southeastward to the
  Persian Gulf. Once a year, they flood the
  Crescent, and it leaves a thick layer of silt, a
  thick mud, which keeps the land so moist and
  fertile. In this thick layer of soil, the farmers
  can plant and harvest enormous quantities of
  wheat barley, allowing their villages to grow.
• The good soil was what attracted people to
  Mesopotamia, but this type of environment had
  three disadvantages to it
• The flooding of the rivers was unpredictable,
  they could come as early as April, and as late as
  June. The floods would recede, the hot sun would
  dry them up, no rain would fall, and the land
  would become dry and desert-like.
• The region was small, about the size of
  Massachusetts, and villages were in small
  clusters and were almost defenseless.
• Natural resources were extremely limited, they
  didnt have much to use for tools and buildings.

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• Sumerian Civilization (4000b.c- 500a.d)
• Sumerians lived 5000 years ago in Sumer,
  Mesopotamia.
• The Sumerians lived by the Tigris and Euphrates
  rivers.
• Government
• Each Sumerian state had a hereditary ruler who
  was seen as chief servant to the gods.
• Religion
• Each Sumerian state was believed in many powerful
  gods or the were polytheistic.
• Most of the gods were compared to the forces of
  nature.
• The largest buildings were temples called
  ziggurat's.
• Economy
• Their economy was based on trading.
• Contributions
• The Sumerians developed a form of writing called
  cuneiform.
• They also developed algebra and geometry.
• Sumerians built the worlds first wheeled vehicle
  and had irrigation systems, dikes, and canals.

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• Middle Kingdom (1650 B.C.)
• The Middle Kingdom was the early kingdom of
  China.
• The geography in the region isolated the Chinese
  people, more so than other civilizations.
• Because they had little contact with other
  cultures, the Chinese people believed their
  culture was the center of the world, so they
  named it the Middle Kingdom.
• Most people of this region lived along the coast
  and in the river valleys.
• Though the country had a king, clans, or large
  family groups, controlled the land.
• The king in Shang China set up the first dynasty
  in China.
• Social Structure
• Noble Warriors owned land
• Merchants and Craftsmen earned a living in the
  cities
• Peasants largest amount of people, lived in
  farming villages

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Bantu Migration(2,000 years ago)

• The Bantu refer to over 400 different ethnic
  groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa,
  united by a common language family, the Bantu
  languages, and in many cases common customs.
• About 2,000 years ago, small groups of Bantu
  speakers began spreading south and east.
• They shared their skills with people they met on
  their journey, adapted their methods to suit
  their new environment, and learned new ways.
• Moving eastward toward the savannas they adapted
  their skills for herding goats and sheep to
  raising cattle.
• Passing through what is now Kenya and Tanzania,
  they learned to cultivate new crops.
• This expanded their food supply
• They followed the Congo river through the rain
  forests, there they farmed the riverbanks.
• 1,500 years Bantu speakers reached the southern
  tip of
• Africa
• They believe the Bantu migrated because their was
  an
• explosion of food supply, which increased
  the population.
• With this increase, their was a need for
  food and land, so
• people went to search these out resulting
  in the migration.

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Classical Civilizations
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• Zhou Dynasty
• Around 1027 B.C., the Zhou overthrew the Shang
  and brought new ideas such as the Mandate of
  Heaven into Chinese culture.
• Controlled vast amounts of land, so the
  government established the system known as
  Feudalism, in which nobles are given use of the
  lands that the king legally owns, in exchange for
  the nobles loyalty and military service to the
  king.
• The Chinese people gradually accepted the Zhou
  ways.
• The Zhou improved trade by introducing coined
  money to China, and also made advancements such
  as using iron in weapons and agricultural tools.
• The Zhou dynasty rule ended in 256 B.C.

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• Mandate of Heaven
• Used by the ancient Chinese dynasties
• The belief that the right to rule is granted
  from Heaven
• There is only one Heaven therefore there can
  be only one ruler.
• The right to rule is based on the virtue of the
  ruler.
• The right to rule is not limited to
  one dynasty.

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• Han Dynasty
• The founding of the Han Dynasty
• Liu Bang fought for the power of the dynasty
  against Xiang Xu, an aristocratic general
• Liu Bang established a centralized government in
  which a central authority controls the running of
  a state
• Started civil service jobs, government jobs that
  civilians could obtain by taking examinations to
  work for the bureaucracy that helped the rulers.
  They would test the civilians on Confucianism
• Han Technology
• Paper was invented and before this books were
  written on silk but paper was cheaper so it made
  books more able to spread Chinese education
• Everyone began to think agriculture was the most
  important so everyone began to practice it
• Overthrow by Wang Mang
• He was a Confucian scholar and member of the
  court he overthrew the infant leader and the Han
  dynasty

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• Polis
• A Greek city-state the fundamental political
  unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C.
• After the sea of peoples invaded mainland Greece
  around 1200 B.C., the Dorians moved in the area.
  Greek civilization experienced a decline during
  this time. By 750 B.C. the Greeks saw the rise of
  powerful city-states.
• Made up of a city and its surrounding
  countryside, which included numerous villages.
• Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500
  square miles of territory.
• In some city-states there were monarchies,
  however in time most adopted aristocracy. These
  very rich ruling families often gained political
  power after working in a kings military cavalry.
• As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy
  merchants and artisans emerged in some cities.
  When these groups became dissatisfied with
  aristocratic rule, they either took power or
  shared it with the nobility. They formed an
  oligarchy.
• Athens and Sparta are famous city states.

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• Direct Democracy
• Direct democracy is a select group of people who
  have all the say in the government.
• The people get the chance o vote for who they
  want those select individuals to be.
• If the people chose the wrong people for the job
  then they would not be able to change it.
• The only way to overthrow them would be to kill
  them.

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• Hellenistic
• Hellenistic is a Greek culture blended with
  Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
• Koine is the most popular spoken language.
• This Greek culture was spread by Alexander the
  Great as he conqueror places like Egypt, and
  Persia
• Alexander the Great

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• Roman Empire
• The Roman Empire was founded in 753 B.C.
• This republic slowly became one of the worlds
  most powerful empire.
• Around 50 B.C. Julius Caesar took control of
  Rome.
• Caesar soon became the absolute ruler of the
  Roman Empire.
• Caesars biggest goal for Rome was to make it the
  biggest empire ever, so he would constantly
  invade countries to enlarge his territory.
• Caesar was assassinated and his grandnephew takes
  over his name Caesar Augustus and brought the
  republic to and end thus starting the age of the
  roman empire this two-hundred year peace was
  called the Pax Romania.

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• Pax Romana 27 B.C to 180 A.D.
• The Pax Romana
• The period of peace and prosperity in Rome. Also
  known as Roman Peace.
• The population increased during this period.
• Cultural and intellectual achievements of Rome
  increased.
• Achievements
• The laws of twelve tables-set of laws such as a
  person is considered innocent until proven
  guilty.
• Aqueducts- bridge like structures used to carry
  water to long distances.
• The use of archs and domes for the Pantheon.
• Greek and roman culture spread throughout
  culture.

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Belief Systems
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• Animism
• An ancient religion that centralizes its beliefs
  around the belief that human-like spirits are
  present in animals, plants, and all other natural
  objects.
• The spirits are believed to be the souls of dead
  ancestors.
• Spirits possess living and non-living things
• Often combined with other religions to extend
  beliefs.

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• POLYTHEISTIC
• BELIEF IN OR WORSHIP OF MULTIPLE GODS
• THE WORD COMES FROM A ANCIENT GREEK WORD
• MOST ANCIENT RELIGIONS WERE POLYTHEISTIC
• OFTEN PRACTICED RITULAS AND SCARFICES TO THE MANY
  GODS

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• Monotheistic
• Definition a belief in a single god
• Greek words mono meaning one and theism
  meaning god-worship
• The Hebrews (Jews) were the first religions to
  become monotheistic. They believed in one god
  for protection who they called Yahweh. Yahweh
  had power over everyone, not just the Jews and
  Hebrews.
• God was not a physical being, and no physical
  images were to be made of him.
• According to the Torah the treason Yahweh looked
  after the Hebrews was because Abraham promised to
  obey him, not because of ceremonies or
  sacrifices as seen in polytheism.

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• HINDUISM
• Started with Nomads in the Indus Valley in 1500
  B.C.
• Brahmah one unifying spirit
• Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva
  the Destroyer
• Goal of life is to unite with Brahman (through
  reincarnation)
• Reincarnation rebirth of the soul in a new
  body, get closer to Brahman with every rebirth
• Karma deeds of ones life that effect his or her
  next life
• Dharma moral and religious duties that are
  expected from an individual
• Caste system social class system
• Vedas one of the books of Hinduism, filled with
  sacred teachings

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• Karma (750 B.C.)
• Hindus share a common world-view.
• They see religion as a way of liberating the soul
  from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes
  of everyday existence.
• Sometime between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., Hindu
  teachers tried to interpret and explain the
  hidden meaning of the Vedic hymns.
• As they meditated on the Vedas, they asked
• What is the nature of reality?
• What is morality?
• Is there eternal life?
• What is the soul?
• A belief in reincarnation, or rebirth of the soul
  in another body after death, forms the basis of
  Hinduism and underlies the entire cast system.
• A persons cast is their reward or punishment for
  karma, deeds committed in a previous life.
• Karma influences specific life circumstances,
  such as the cast one is born into, ones state of
  health, wealth or poverty, and so on.

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• Reincarnation
• Reincarnation is a central teaching of the Hindu
  Religion.
• When one is born they are given life by Brahma,
  as they pass through life they are preserved by
  Vishnu, until Shiva claims you in death.
• Than the cycle is repeated over and over again
  until one finally achieves Moksha.
• Rivers are used to symbolize reincarnation
  because they have a constant flow, yet follow the
  same course.

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• Buddhism
• Originated in India, by Siddhartha Guatama
• Four Noble truths-
• All life is suffering
• Suffering is caused by desire for things that re
  illusions
• The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate
  desire
• Following the Eightfold Path will help people
  overcome desire
• Sacred text-
• Tripitaka- Three baskets of wisdom
• Ultimate goal Nirvana- union with the universe
  and release from the cycle of death and rebirth

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• Four Noble Truths
• The Four Noble Truths were a part of Siddhartha
  Gautamas Buddhism.
• These truths were what was understood by
  Siddhartha in his enlightenment.
• They were ideas that were supposed to be followed
  to seek enlightenment, or wisdom.
• The First Noble Truth- Everything in life is
  suffering and sorrow.
• The Second Noble Truth- The cause of all
  suffering is peoples selfish desire for the
  temporary pleasures of this world.
• The Third Noble Truth- The way to end all
  suffering is to end all desires.
• The Fourth Noble Truth- The way to overcome such
  desires and to attain enlightenment is to follow
  the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle
  Way between desires and self-denial.

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• Nirvana- 250 B.C.
• Belief of the Buddhist religion.
• Defined as union with the universe. It is also a
  release from the cycle of death and rebirth.
• It is also a release from selfishness and pain.
• Buddha stressed that each individual person could
  reach a peace state called nirvana.
• You have to follow the Eightfold Path in order to
  reach nirvana.
• To achieve Nirvana, you would have to reject the
  sensory world and embracing spiritual discipline.
  

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• Confucianism
• Confucianism started in China during the Zhou
  Dynasty
• Confucianism was the guide to the nature of
  government and the structure to society
• Men were thought to be superior to women
• Confucius wrote The Analects
• Confucius believed in order to establish social
  order, harmony and a good government he needed to
  use the
• Five key relationships 1. friend to friend,
  2.father to son, 3. ruler to subject, 4. husband
  to wife, 5. older brother to younger brother
• Confucius stressed that children should practice
  filial piety or respect for their elders
• There was also an influence on the Japanese

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• Taoism (or Daoism) bout 500 B.C.
• Founder Laozi
• Live in harmony with nature
• Contemplate Tao, or the way
• Yielding and acceptance are important virtues
• Followers rejected the world and human
  government, they often became hermits, mystics or
  poets.
• Balance of yin and yang
• Yin earth, darkness, female forces
• Yang heaven, light, and male forces
• Collected works The Way of Virtue and zhuang-zi

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• Islam(1600s 2005)
• Islam is a religion that came about in the early
  1600s.
• The first follower was a merchant named Muhammad
  Ali.
• He claimed that one night the voice of Allah
  (God) spoke to him, and thus he began the
  religion.
• To be a Muslim (a submitted one) or a follower of
  Islam, followers must obey the five pillars or
  five duties to Allah.
• The first of the five pillars is faith the
  follower must proclaimed that Allah is the one
  true God and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
• The second of the five pillars is prayer five
  times a day the Muslims must face toward Mecca
  (the holy city) and pray.
• The third of the five pillars is alms Muslims
  all have a responsibility to support the poor,
  which they do by giving religious tax, in money.
• The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting During
  the Muslims holy month called Ramadan the
  Muslims will eat nothing from dawn to sunset, and
  then only a simple meal to remind themselves that
  they should have greater priorities than bread.
• The fifth pillar of Islam is pilgrimage All
  Muslims who can afford it are supposed to make a
  pilgrimage to Mecca.
• If a Muslim follows the five pillars of Mecca
  then they go to Heaven, if they dont then they
  go to Hell.

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• Allah
• IS THE MUSLIM GOD
• HE IS THE ONE GOD OF ISLAM
• WORSHIPED MOSTLY THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

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• Muhammad
• Muhammad was born into a clan of a powerful
  Mecca Family
• Muhammad took great interest in religion. When
  he was alone he mostly prayed and meditated.
• When he was 40 a voice called to him while he
  was meditating. The voice was believed to say
  that Muhammad was a messenger of god.
• In 622 Muhammad left Mecca. He went 200 miles
  north of Mecca too a town called Yathrib. This
  journey by Muhammad was known as the Hijrah.
• Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 with his
  10,000 followers.
• Mecca surrendered and Muhammad became leader.
  Most people in Mecca converted to Islam to
  pledge their loyalty to Muhammad.
• Muhammad dies two years later at the age of 62.

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• Five Pillars
• This applies to the Islamic religion.
• Faith
• To become muslin, you need to testify to the
  statement of faith there is no god but allah,
  Muhammad is the messenger of allah.
• Prayer
• Muslims must face Mecca and pray five times a
  day.
• Alms
• Muslims have been taught to support the less
  fortunate.
• Fasting
• During the Muslim month of Ramadan, Muslims fast.
  Fasting is eating and drinking nothing from sun
  up to sun down.
• Pilgrimage
• Muslims must go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least
  once in their lifetime.

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• Christianity
• Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity.
• He was born around 6 to 4 B.C.
• He began his ministry at age 30.
• Jesus teachings included many Jewish beliefs,
  such as monotheism and the Ten Commandments. He
  stressed Gods personal relationship with each
  person.
• Jesus followers were called disciples and
  later apostles.
• Jesus was crucified around A.D. 29 for
  challenging the authority of the Roman
  government. Jesus disciples believed that his
  crucifixion was a triumph over death and that he
  was the Messiah. The Jewish priests of the time
  did not believe he was the Messiah and call his
  ministry blasphemy.
• Jesus disciples continued to spread Jesus
  teachings and Christianity later became a
  prominent religion throughout the world.

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• Bible
• Christians used the book as a way to follow their
  god.
• The book consisted of the old and new testament.
• The bible contains stories and messages about
  their god.
• The old testament is their gods life as it was
  on earth and how it came to be.

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• Judaism
• Monotheistic belief in one God who is present
  everywhere, all-knowing, all-powerful
• Holy book Torah
• Writings are a sacred recording of the laws and
  events in Jewish history
• Also writings of the prophets (spiritual leaders)
• Believe that God made a covenant (agreement) with
  Abraham and the Hebrews to protect them
• Ten Commandments from God given to Moses laws
  that describe how people should behave towards
  God and each other
• Believe that God chose the Hebrews as His people
• Prophets were people who God talked to, they
  taught about moral standards and justice
• Judaism later had a strong influence on
  Christianity and Islam

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• Diaspora
• A Diaspora is a dispersion of a people from their
  original homeland. In global history we studied
  the Diaspora of the Jews from their homeland in
  Canaan (Israel) in 77 C.E. According to
  tradition, the Jews were given Israel by God in
  about 2000 B.C.E. In about 77 C.E., the Romans
  attacked Jerusalem and destroyed the temple.
  With Jerusalem now being controlled by the
  Romans, Jews dispersed throughout Eurasia in
  search of a place where they could practice
  freely. In 1948 A Jewish state of Israel was
  crated although many Jews still live in other
  parts of the World.

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Cultural Exchange
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The Gupta Dynasty (300-700)

• Known as Indias Golden Age
• After being invaded and defeated India needed a
  new leader
• The Gupta family came to rule, and managed to
  defeat the foreigners
• The Gupta's reign would last 300 years from 329
  to 650 A.D
• ChandraGupta I
• The first Gupta who turned around India and
  fought off foreigners and expanded India.
• The Golden Age
• The golden age of India During the Guptas was
  architecture and Buddhist art.

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• Caste System
• This is based on what place your are in society.
• The say if you are up there in the caste system,
  that means that you have good Karma Which means
  that you where good in your past life.
• In the caste system it is good to be a male,
  wealthy, and a warrior.
• Sometimes the caste system is bad, like if you
  did something really bad then you are shun and no
  one can talk to them.
• Untouchables lowest form of the Caste System.
  
  

rich to poor
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• Urbanization
• Urbanization was the building of cities and the
  movement of people to the cities.
• Some cities such as London and Berlin tripled or
  even quadrupled in size.

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• The Byzantium Empire
• In 395, the empire officially divided into two.
• Western roman empire was outrun by Germanic
  tribes.
• The new Rome
• Constantinople, the new capital or the empire.
• In 527, Justinian I becomes emperor.
• High ranking Byzantine nobleman
• Ruled with absolute power
• Won Italy and Spain
• He ruled almost all the territory all Rome had
  ever had
• Made Justinian's code, set of laws, severed the
  empire for 900 years
• In 671, Greek fire was invented.
• In 1054, Christian church divides
• Eastern orthodox
• Roman catholic
• In 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks.

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Justinian Code

• To regulate a complex society, Justinian set up a
  panel of ten experts.
• The panels task was to create a single, uniform
  code for Justinians New Rome.
• The result of the panels work was a body of
  civil law known as the Justinian Code.
• After its completion the code consisted of four
  works
• 1. The Code contained about 5,000 Roman laws.
• 2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions
  of Romes greatest legal thinkers about the laws.
  This work was ran to a total of 50 volumes.
• 3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law
  students how to use the laws.
• 4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation
  passed after 534.
• The Justinian Code decided legal questions that
  regulated whole areas of Byzantine life.

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• Islams Golden Age
• Islam Civilization -
• Islam began in the Arabian peninsula in the early
  7th century.
• It spread from the Middle East to Africa , Spain
  and Sicily. Then to India and SE Asia.
• Islams Success -
• The strength of the Arab armies brought Islam
  its power.
• Arab armies conquered much territory.
• Abbassid Dynasty -
• (750 - 1258) The ruling family of the Islamic
  Empire
• Responsible for many achievements.
• The Islamic culture became a mixture of Arab,
  Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions.
• The Golden Age became an era of stunning
  intellectual and cultural achievements. (art,
  literature, religion etc.)

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• Shiites
• The 2nd largest branch of the Islamic religion.
• Shiites account for 10-15 of all Muslims.
• The central belief for Shiites is of the 12th
  Imam.
• The 12th Imam is considered to be the only
  legitimate ruler, and the Shiites believe that
  the Muslim state can not be successful without
  this ruler in charge.
• Khomeini served as the one who brought activism
  back into the Shiite mainstream.
• During the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Shiite
  activists tried to press their ideology onto the
  people.
• They believe Islam should live as a tool to
  empower the oppressed.

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• Sunnis
• In 661, a family called the Umayyad came to
  power, and set up a hereditary system of
  succession in Syria
• They moved the Muslim capital from Mecca to
  Damascus to make ruling conquered territories
  easier
• They abandoned a life of simplicity to surround
  themselves with wealth
• The movement of the capital, along with their
  drift from Muslim beliefs, caused a fundamental
  divide in the Muslim community
• A small group called the Shia openly resisted
  Umayyad rule
• Those who did not openly resist, but disagreed
  with Umayyad rule were called Sunnis, meaning
  followers of Muhammads example
• They believed the Umayyad had become too worldly
  and lost their religious faith

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• Caliph
• Caliph means successor or Deputy
• A caliph is a supreme political and religious
  leader
• Some famous caliphs are Abu-Bakr the first
  caliph, Umayyads was elected, and Abbasides who
  took control

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• Charlemagne
• During the 800s, Charlemagne, a Frankish king,
  built an empire (modern-day France, Germany, and
  part of Italy)
• Cooperation with the Church
• Charlemagne helped Pope Leo III defeat rebellious
  Roman nobles.
• In return, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne
  Emperor of the Romans
• Charlemagne wanted a united Christian Europe and
  helped spread Christianity
• Government
• Appointed nobles to rule local areas (He gave
  them land, they help defend the empire)
• Sent off officials called missi Domenici to check
  on conditions throughout the empire
• Learning
• Encouraged learning
• Set up school to educate government officials and
  established libraries where scholars copied
  ancient texts.
• End of Charlemagnes Reign
• Died in 1814- empire fell apart as heirs battled
  for control
• 843- Charlemagnes grandsons signed Treaty of
  Verdun- divided Charlemagnes empire into 3
  separate kingdoms (one for each grandson).
• Charlemagnes strong government was a model for
  future medieval rulers

53

• Feudalism
• A system of government in which local lords
  control their own lands but owe military service
  and support to a greater lord.
• The land was divided into estates.
• The lesser lords were called vassals.
• Local lords owned serfs who would work the land
• The serfs were able to live on the land in
  manors.

54

• Manorialism
• Self-Sufficiency
• Manors were the basic economic arrangement during
  the Middle Ages
• The lord provided serfs with protection, housing,
  and strips of farmland
• The serfs worked for the lord and maintained the
  estate
• Peasants rarely traveled from their manor
• Nearly everything they needed was produced
  crops, fuel, cloth, lumber, and leather goods
• The manor contained a church, mill, blacksmith,
  water, fields, anything that was needed
• Troubles of Manor Life
• Serfs had to pay taxes for grain, marriage, and
  10 of their income as a tithe, or church tax
• Serfs lived in crowded cottages, with dirt floors
  and straw beds
• The peasants believed that God determined their
  place in society

55

• Gothic
• A style of church architecture that developed in
  medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults,
  stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed
  arches, and tall spires.
• Developed in the 1100s, replacing the old
  Romanesque style of churches.
• Gothic cathedrals, unlike the grave and ominous
  Romanesque buildings, stood very tall, as if
  reaching toward heaven.
• Cathedrals started off in Germany and quickly
  spread throughout medieval Europe.
• Soon, they were found in Paris, Chartres, Reims,
  Amiens, and Beauvais.
• Nearly 500 Gothic cathedrals were built between
  1170 and 1270.
• Other forms of art centered around the Gothic
  style, such as sculpture, woodcarvings, and
  stained-glass windows.

56

• Cultural Exchanges The Crusades
• Crusades
• During the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one
  significant unifying aspect of life.  The
  Catholic Church permeated every aspect of
  society. 
• For about 200 years, Western Europe under the
  sway of the Catholic church attempted to retake
  the Holy Land away from the Muslims.  The largest
  target was the holy city of Jerusalem, however,
  other areas were fought over, such as the city of
  Constantinople.
• Although the crusades were considered there were
  some positive effects. Europeans began to gain an
  expanded view of the world. Trade increased
  drastically. Crusaders brought home new fabrics,
  spices, and perfumes.

57

• Saladin
• Respected Muslim Leader
• Saladin united the Muslim world in the late
  1100s.
• He was respected by both Christians and Muslims.
• Saladin went to Jerusalem and the Christians had
  their mind set on stopping him.
• Taking of Jerusalem
• There was no Christian victory when they went to
  stop Saladin.
• Crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered, but Saladin
  would not let his soldiers kill or harm them the
  Crusaders or the people.
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• King of England in 1189.
• He wanted to take Jerusalem from Saladin.
• Richard won a lot of victories during the Third
  Crusade.
• Richards forces were unable to capture the city.

58

• Impact of the Crusades
• Increased Trade
• Before the crusades trade with the Byzantine
  empire sparked interest in goods form the east
• Crusaders returning from Europe brought home new
  fabrics, spices, and perfume
• Ships used to carry crusaders now became trade
  ships
• Both Eastern and Western economies benefited from
  trade
• Encouragement of Learning
• As Europeans were exposed to the Byzantine and
  Muslim culture they began to take interest in
  learning
• They were exposed to advances in math, science,
  literature, art, and geographic knowledge
• Changes in the Church
• The Crusades increased the power of the pope for
  a short time
• Problems between Eastern and Western Churches
  grew after the crusaders attack on
  Constantinople
• Changes in the Feudal System
• Crusades increased the power of Monarchs
• Feudalism was weakening
• Serfs had been to pay for land using food, but
  now Lords demanded payment in the form of money
  to finance the crusades
• An economy based on money, not land, took over

59

• Feudal JapanSamurai
• Rival lords in Japan surrounded themselves with
  body guards called Samurai.
• They lived according the demanding code, Bushido.
• They were expected to show reckless courage,
  reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity
  toward those who are weaker than themselves.
• Dying an honorable death was more important than
  living a long life. Kamakura Shogun
• The shogun had the power of a military dictator
  over Officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads-
  all were under his authority.
• Although tradition was the Emperor still reigned,
  even though the Shogun had the real power.
• The emperor became more of a puppet head than a
  political influence.
• The Kamakura Shoguns were strong enough to turn
  back the two naval invasions by the Mongols.
• Although this drained the Shoguns treasury and
  loyal samurais werent getting paid.
• Samurais became attached more closely to their
  local lords and soon local lords were fighting
  each other as fiercely as they fought the
  Mongols.

60

• Shinto
• What is Shinto?
• It was a Japanese religion in which each clan in
  Japan worshipped their own Nature Gods and
  Goddesses.
• It was varied because of different customs and
  beliefs
• Shinto meant way of the Gods
• It had no rituals or philosophy, but instead
  based on respect for the forces of nature.
• Worshipers believed in kami or divine spirits in
  nature.
• An abnormal tree, rock, waterfall, mountain could
  be home to kami

61

• Tokugawa Shogun
• Tokugawa Ieyasu
• United Japan in 1600
• Held landowners (Daimyo) families hostage in the
  capital of Edo to ensure obedience
• Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which continued
  until 1867
• Society under the Tokugawa Shogun
• Japan enjoyed over 200 years under the new Shogun
• Merchant class and rich prospered
• Rich and poor benefited from a growing Japanese
  culture

62

• Rise of Mongols
• Who and where?
• In the 1200s, a ferocious group of horsemen from
  central Asia fought their way into Russia. These
  nomads were Mongols.
• They exploded onto the scene under the leadership
  of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared military
  leaders of all time.
• When Genghis Khan died in 1227 his successors
  continued the conquering that he had begun.
• Mongols In Russia
• Under Mongol rule the Russians could follow all
  their usual customs as long as the made no sign
  of rebellion. The Mongols tolerated all the
  religions in their realms, and the Church acted
  as a mediator between the people and the Mongols.
  
• The Mongols demanded two things from the
  Russians Extreme Obedience, and massive amounts
  of tribute.
• Mongol Rule Serves Russian Interests
• The Mongol rule in some ways helped unite Russia.
  They viewed Russia as their unified Empire. The
  rise of the city of Moscow also began under
  Mongol rule.

63

• Genghis Khan
• In the middle 1200s, a ferocious group of
  horsemen from central Asia slashed their way into
  Russia.
• These nomads were the Mongols.
• They had exploded onto the world scene at the
  beginning of the 1200s under Genghis Khan.
• He was one of the most feared warriors of all
  time.
• When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his successors
  continued the conquering that he had begun.
• At the fullest extent, the Mongol Empire
  stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea
  and from the Himalayas to northern Russia.
• After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian
  Empire slowly began to fall apart.

64

• Golden Horde
• During the time of Genghis Khan the Mongols
  invaded Eastern Europe
• After his time they attacked Russia, Hungary, and
  Poland
• His grandson, Batu, led Mongol armies into Russia
  and other lands of Eastern Europe between 1236
  and 1241
• This group was known as the Golden Horde because
  of the color of there tents
• They conquered many Russian cities
• They ruled from a capital on the Volga River for
  240 years
• The Golden Horde were fierce warriors but
  relatively tolerant rulers

65

• Mongol Dynasty
• Kublai Khan-
• Khan was another grandson of Genghis Khan,
  completed the job of conquering China. He did so
  by dominating the south, he did not only rule
  China, but also Korea, Tibet, and some of
  Vietnam.
• Yuan dynasty-
• Kublai Khan adopted the Chinese name of the Yuan
  dynasty for his dynasty because he did not want
  the Mongols to become involved with Chinese
  civilization.
• However, Khan gave his best government jobs to
  Mongol workers and only allowed Mongols to serve
  in the army.
• But, Chinese officials still governed the
  provinces.

Kublai Khan
66
Mongol Impact

• Reached its greatest extent in 1300.
• Stretched into Russia, Europe, Asia, and China
• Destruction and Conquest
• Most of the leaders ruled with tolerance
• Genghis Khan allowed art and education in his
  conquered countries
• They ruled Russia for 250 years
• They cut it off from the rest of Europe

67

• Mongol Impact
• The Mongols were nomadic herders of central Asia.
  By 1300, they controlled much of Asia and eastern
  Europe.
• The Mongol influence led to increases in trade
  and cultural spread over Asia and Europe.
• In Russia, the Mongol idea of Absolutist
  government stuck after the Mongols left, but it
  also isolated Russia from Western Europe, leaving
  it behind in arts and science.
• Mongol rule promoted trade between Europe and
  Asia. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage along
  the Silk Road, which increased trade greatly.

68

• Expansion of Chinese Trade
• Trade in Chine bloomed in the Yuan dynasty in the
  1200s.
• The Silk Road helped transport goods to Asia
  Minor, Russia, and other lands. Marco Polo used
  the Silk Road.
• When the Ming dynasty took over China in 1368,
  economic prosperity came over the land and trade
  and cities expanded.
• China began overseas expansion and in 1404, Zheng
  He traveled to many different lands and promoted
  Chinese trade and culture.
• Chinese city, Canton, became a global center of
  trade and traders were sent there from all over
  the world.

69

• Bubonic Plague
• Approximately two thirds of the population in
  China were wiped out by a deadly disease called
  the bubonic plague, that also destroyed
  populations of Muslim towns in Southwest Asia and
  killed about one third of Europes population.
• It started in the 1300s.
• The Plague began in Asia.
• The disease became known as the Black Death.
• It got its name from the purplish or blackish
  spots that it produced on the skin.
• The disease was spread by black rats that carried
  fleas from one area to another. These fleas were
  infested with a bacillus called Yersinia pestis,
  and because people did not bathe and because of
  unsanitary conditions the bubonic plague spread
  very quickly.
• Effects of the disease were high fever, chills,
  delirium, and in most cases death.

70

• The Effect Of The Bubonic Plague
• In 1347 approximately one third of Europeans
  population died of the deadly disease known as
  the bubonic plague.
• The bubonic plague was also known as the black
  death and began in Asia.
• The black death traveled the trade lines
  infecting Asia, the Muslim world and eventually
  Europe.
• It got its name by the black spots that produced
  on the persons skin infected.
• The plague killed almost 25 million Europeans and
  millions in Asia and North Africa.
• The economic effects of the plague were enormous.
  Town populations fell and so did trade.
• The church suffered a loss of prestige when its
  prayers and penances failed to stop the plague.
• The bubonic plague and its aftermath disrupted
  medieval society, hastening changes that were in
  the making.
• The society of the middle ages was collapsing.

71

• SILK ROAD
• The Han dynasty opened a trade route called the
  silk road that eventually linked china with lands
  as far west as Mesopotamia. Silk and other
  Chinese goods moved west, while products such
  as muslin, glass, and new foods came to china.
  The silk road stretched for 4000 miles. Few
  merchants traveled the entire distance. Most of
  the good that were traded were done at markets
  along the way

72

• Italian City-States
• 1300s Northern Italian cities were great places
  of industry and trade.
• City-states that became rich and powerful
  Venice, Genoa, and Florence.
• Venice took control of the spice trade with Asia
  due to its location.
• Venice took up a partnership with Egypt and both
  areas became prosperous.
• Trade from Italy went as far as Great Britain and
  the Baltic Sea.

73

• Renaissance
• 1300-1600
• A period of great change throughout Europe that
  involved advances in everything from art to
  technology.
• The concept of humanism was developed during the
  early stages of the renaissance, this way of
  thinking focused on the present and individual
  achievements.
• The artistic mentality of the renaissance was
  much like the art and sculpture of the golden
  ages of Rome and Greece. Architecture also
  returned to Greco-roman fashions.
• Artisans were supported by rich nobles, princes
  and popes.
• Some of the most famous artisans include
  Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and Albrecht
  Durer.
• Writing also changed during the renaissance,
  common language began to be used. Machiavelli,
  Shakespeare, and Dante were three of the most
  famous for their literary works.
• The invention of the printing press made books
  more available to common people, literacy
  increased.
• The protestant reformation led by Martin Luther
  and John Calvin sought to make changes in the
  church, the result was two churches, Catholic and
  protestant.

74

• Humanism
• During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new
  way of thinking called humanism.
• A Renaissance intellectual movement at the heart
  of the Renaissance that focused on worldly
  subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had
  studied, rather that religious ones. They hoped
  to use ancient learning to increase knowledge
  about their own times.
• Humanists influenced artists an architects to
  carry on classical traditions.
• Philosophers and writers had wondered about life
  after death during the middle ages. Renaissance
  humanists, on the other hand, were more curious
  about life in the present.

75

• Machiavelli
• What he did?
• Machiavelli was the a writer , One of his master
  pieces was The Prince in 1513.
• Machiavelli said that most rules can gain power
  and keep it in spit of there enemies.
• In the book The Prince, Machiavelli was not
  concerned with what was morally right, but with
  what was politically effective.
• He was also a states man and a political
  philosopher

76
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77

• 95 Thesis
• WHO Written by Martin Luther
• WHAT Martin Luther posted a list of 95 Theses,
  or formal statements, that he wrote on the door
  of a castle church in Wittenberg,
• WHERE Posted them on the door of the castle
  church in Wittenberg, became known all over
  Germany
• WHEN October 31, 1517
• WHY he did those because he did not agree with
  how a friar named John Tetzel was raising money
  to rebuild a church in Rome. Tetzel was selling
  indulgences to people who have sinned, which
  would release them from performing the penalty.

78

• Mansa Musa
• He was an African American ruler
• He may have been the grandnephew of Malis first
  leader, Sandiata
• Musa was a skilled military leader and exorcised
  royal control
• He was a devout Muslim, he went on a hajj to
  Mecca from 1324 to 1325
• Controlled and ruled a vast empire in Africa

79

• Songhai
• The Songhai was a West African empire that
  conquered Mali and controlled trade from the
  1400s to 1591.
• They built up an army and extended their
  territory to the Niger River near Gao, and gained
  control of all the important trade routes.
• Until the late 1500s, civil war broke out.
  Invaders from the north defeated the forces of
  Songhai, and caused downfall of the kingdom.

80
The First Global Age
81

• Suleimans Golden Age
• First Came to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in
  1520 and ruled for 46 years
• Known by his own people as Suleiman the Lawgiver
  and in the west as Suleiman the Magnificent
• The Ottoman conquered all of the eastern
  Mediterranean under Suleimans rule.
• Suleiman became the most powerful monarch on
  earth
• He required a good form of government for his
  large empire and so he simplified the system of
  taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy
  in order to keep the peace and his people happy.
• In 1571 this golden age of Suleiman ended when
  his sons fleet was destroyed by Spain and Italy
  
  Suleimans Mosque

82

• Mercantilism
• Definition
• An economic policy under which nations sought to
  increase their wealth and power by obtaining
  large amounts of gold and silver and by selling
  more goods than they bought.
• Ideas of mercantilism
• The nations ultimate goal under mercantilism was
  to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other
  countries for goods.
• Two ways to increase the nations wealth,
  according to mercantilism, was to gain as much
  gold and silver as they could and establish a
  favorable balance of trade, in which it sold more
  goods than they bought.

83

• Rise Of The Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire began in the 11th century
• There were Ottoman Turks, and after the 13th
  century there was a new group of people called
  the Ottoman Empire lead by Osman I.
• When people were captured by the Ottoman Empire
  they were used for military purposes instead of
  killing them.
• During the 16th century, the Ottomans gained
  control of Egypt and Syria, then also Iraq,
  Hungry, and Albania, which led to the beginning
  of a naval force in the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Ottoman Empire turned into a great power of
  Europe.

84

• Reconquista
• This was a long effort to drive the Muslims out
  of Spain.
• The Muslims held a little kingdom.
• Spain attacked it and they started the crusades.
• The Spanish drove the Muslims out of Spain

85

• Middle Passage
• The Middle Passage was the voyage that brought
  captured Africans to be used as slaves to the
  west Indies
• Later they were brought to North and South
  American
• It was named the Middle Passage because it was in
  the middle leg of the transatlantic trade
  triangle.

86
Absolutism
87

• Divine Right
• The power for the monarch to rule comes from God
  and that the king is an agent of God.
• Absolute monarchs used this power to justify
  their rule.
• Divine Right allowed the monarch to control all
  aspects of the government because the people
  believed that monarch was Gods agent on earth.

88

• Louis XIV(14)
• He was the 14th king of France.
• He was an absolute Monarch during the 17th
  century.
• Louis XIV was the only one to totally free
  himself from the Parliament, which controlled the
  King.
• Louis XIV coined the phrase L'état, c'est moi,
  which means I am the state.
• Louis XIV centralized the government and made all
  the laws for France
• Louis XIV put France into debt by spending money
  building the Palace of Versailles and fighting
  wars.

89

• Peter the Great
• Peter the Great was an absolute monarch in
  Russia, he was the czar from 1682 to 1725.
• He worked to centralize royal power
• Reduced the power of nobility and gained control
  of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• Peter wanted to modernize Russia. He traveled
  from Western European cities to study western
  technology and brought back the ideas to
  westernize Russia.
• Simplified Russian Alphabet, developed mining and
  textiles.
• Peter sometimes resorted to force and terror to
  achieve his goals.
• Created the largest army in Europe in the late
  1600s and used it to expand Russian territory.

90

• Westernization under Peter
• Peter wanted a modernized Russia, went to Western
  Europe to study technology, brought back ideas,
  simplified the Russian alphabet, developed mining
  and textiles, capital at St. Petersburg served as
  symbol of new Russia, used force and terror to
  gain goal

91

• Petition of Rights(1628)
• King Charles I had to call Parliament to ask for
  money
• They refused to give him any until he signed the
  Petition of Rights
• In the Petition the king agreed to
• Not imprison subjects without due cause
• Not levy taxes without Parliaments consent
• Not house soldiers in private homes
• Not impose martial law in peacetime
• The king agreed to the Petition but after he
  ignored it
• The petition was important because it set forth
  the idea that the law was higher even then the
  king.

92

• English Civil War
• Charles I offended the puritans by upholding
  church rituals and a former prayer book
• Charles tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to
  accept a version of the Anglican prayer book
• Lead to a conflict between the supporters of
  parliament and the supporters of English monarchy
  from 1642-1649

93

• Oliver Cromwell
• Was a skilled military leader who overthrew the
  British king.
• King Charles I was put in prison and put on
  trial. He was sentenced to death by way of
  beheading. He was the first king to be executed
  by his own subjects.
• After the kings execution Parliaments House of
  commons abolished the monarchy, the House of
  Lords, and the official Church of England.
  England became a Commonwealth.
• Charles II the heir to the throne revolted
  against Cromwell and attacked England from
  Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell sent troops into
  Ireland and Scotland to crush the uprising.
• Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector. At
  the time of his death in 1658 many people were
  tired of Puritan rule.

94

• The Restoration
• During the year of 1660, Parliament asked Charles
  II to become the King of England.
• When Parliament asked Charles II to become King
  it marked the restoration of the Stuart monarchy.
• In 1685 James II, who was Charles brother
  inherited the throne in England.
• James II who was currently King in England, was
  unpopular to the people because of his
  Catholicism and his Absolutist policies.

95

• The Glorious Revolution (1688)
• Parliament feared Catholic dominance
• Mary and William (Dutch) take English throne.
• Both protestant.
• When they arrived, James II fled.
• Bloodless overthrow of power.

96

• English Bill of Rights
• The bill was drafted in 1689.
• England had become a constitutional monarchy
  meaning there were laws that limited the rulers
  power.
• The English Bill of Rights listed the things the
  leader could not do.
• There were four laws- 2 dealt with not
  interfering with Parliament speech or laws and 2
  dealt with not taxing the citizens without the
  consent of Parliament and letting the citizens
  petition.

97

• Magna Carta
• Great Charter
• A document guaranteeing basic political rights in
  England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King
  John in A.D. 1215.
• This charter was a form of revolt, rebelling
  against the unfair leadership of King John.
• John failed as a military leader. He was horrible
  to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of
  them. To finance his wars, John raised taxes to
  an all-time high.
• The nobles wanted to guarantee certain basic
  political rights and limit the power of the king.
• Guaranteed rights included no taxation without
  representation, a jury trial, and the protection
  of the law.

98

• Limited monarchy (1660)
• Started after the restoration
• Passing of habeas corpus act
• Parliament passed the bill of rights in 1689
• No monarch could rule without parliaments consent
• Also called a constitutional monarchy