VACCINATION

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VACCINATION
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• Vaccination
• Is The administration of an antigen to stimulate
  a protective immune response against an
  infectious agent

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HISTORY OF VACCINATION
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Aims Objectives of Immunization

• Prevention of serious diseases and their
  complications
• Protection of individuals and communities
• Containment of outbreaks
• Elimination of certain diseases, e.g. tetanus
• Eradication of diseases,
• e.g. smallpox (1980) polio (target date 2006)

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EXAMPLES OF VACCINES

• Killed or Attenuated organisms vaccines
• Microbial Fragments Vaccines
• Modified Toxins to Toxoid vaccines
• Anti- idiotype antibodies DNA vaccines

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Requirements for A vaccine

• 1- Safe to administer
• 2- Induce the right sort of adaptive immunity
• 3- Affordable

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• USE OF ANTIGENTS AS VACCINES
• Live vaccines
• Natural
• Attenuated
• Killed vaccines
• Note Living organisms tend to be more effective
  as vaccines

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• Natural live vaccines are rarely used !!
• Attenuated live vaccines are highly
• Successful
• Attenuation
• Changing microorganisms to make them less able to
  grow and diseases in their natural host
• Easier to attenuate viruses than bacteria

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• Inactivation of toxins is the most effective and
  successful bacterial toxins
• Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines are based on this
  method
• Same approach can be used for many other
  bacterial infections.

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• FUTURE VACCINES
• Use recombinant DNA and gene cloning
• Insert desired gene into a vector
• Inject vector to patient
• Allow to replicate
• This will produce large amount of Ag in situe

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• Factors that affect vaccine effectiveness
• 1- Induction of the right sort of immunity
• 2- Be stable on storage
• 3- Have sufficient immunogenicity
• Q What is an adjuvant?
• 4- Safety
• 5- Cost

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Live Attenuated Vaccines

• Advantages-
• One initial dose is usually sufficient but
  additional boosters doses may be required
• Causes less allergic reactions than KV
• products
• More rapid protection than KV products
• Tend to be less expensive

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• Disadvantages
• Must be handled and mixed with additional care
• Potential for excessive immune response
• Some risk of causing abortion or transient
  infertility
• Potential to mutate to a virulent form

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Killed vaccines (KV) and Toxoids
Disadvantages Advantages
Slower onset of immunity More stable in storage
Likely to cause allergic reactions Available for a wide variety of diseases
More expensive than live-attenuated vaccines No risk of reverting to virulent form
May not produce as strong or as long lasting immunity as the live-attenuated products Excellent stimulant of passive Abs in colostrum
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Basic Vaccination Schedule in The Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia