Title: Review: DNA? RNA? Protein
1Review DNA? RNA? Protein
- In a cell, genetic information flows from DNA to
RNA in the nucleus and RNA to protein at the
ribosome.
2RNA polymerase
Transcription
Nucleus
DNA
mRNA
Intron
Figure 10.20-1
3RNA polymerase
Transcription
Nucleus
DNA
mRNA
Intron
RNA processing
Cap
Tail
mRNA
Intron
Amino acid
Ribosomal subunits
tRNA
Enzyme
ATP
Initiation of translation
Amino acid attachment
Figure 10.20-4
4RNA polymerase
Transcription
Polypeptide
Nucleus
DNA
Stop codon
mRNA
Intron
RNA processing
Cap
Termination
Tail
mRNA
Intron
Anticodon
Amino acid
Ribosomal subunits
Codon
tRNA
Enzyme
Elongation
ATP
Initiation of translation
Amino acid attachment
Figure 10.20-6
5- Transcription and translation are how genes
control - The structures
- The activities of cells
6Mutations
- A mutation is any change in the nucleotide
sequence of DNA. - Mutations can change the amino acids in a
protein. - Mutations can involve
- Large regions of a chromosome
- Just a single nucleotide pair, as occurs in
sickle cell anemia
7- How can Mutations be BAD?
- How can Mutations be GOOD?
8- Although mutations are often harmful, they are
the source of genetic diversity, which is
necessary for evolution by natural selection.
9Mutagens
- Mutations may result from
- Errors in DNA replication
- Physical or chemical agents called mutagens
- UV rays, X-rays, gamma rays, chemicals
10Types of Mutations
- Mutations within a gene can occur as a result of
- Nucleotide substitution, the replacement of one
nucleotide by another - Nucleotide deletion, the loss of a nucleotide
- Nucleotide insertion, the addition of a nucleotide
11If a mutation changed a codon from GGU to GGA
then what would happen? If a mutation changed
a codon from GGA to UGA then what would happen?
12Normal hemoglobin DNA
Mutant hemoglobin DNA
mRNA
mRNA
Normal hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Figure 10.21
13- Insertions and deletions can
- Change the reading frame of the genetic message
- Lead to disastrous effects
14mRNA and protein from a normal gene
Base substitution
Figure 10.22a
15mRNA and protein from a normal gene
Deleted
Nucleotide deletion
Figure 10.22b
16mRNA and protein from a normal gene
Inserted
Nucleotide insertion
Figure 10.22c
17mRNA and protein from a normal gene
(a) Base substitution
Deleted
(b) Nucleotide deletion
Inserted
(c) Nucleotide insertion
Figure 10.22
18Mutation by Deletion
19The Human Genome Project
- Begun in 1990, the Human Genome Project was a
massive scientific endeavor - To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the
DNA in the human genome and - To identify the location and sequence of every
gene - Aims of the project
- - to identify the estimated 100,000 genes in the
human DNA. -
20- At the completion of the project in 2004
- Over 99 of the genome had been determined to
99.999 accuracy - 3.2 billion nucleotide pairs were identified
- About 24,000 genes were found
- About 98 of the human DNA was identified as
noncoding
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22- The Human Genome Project can help map the genes
for specific diseases such as - Alzheimers disease
- Parkinsons disease
23Table 12.1
24Benefits of Human Genome Project research
- - improvements in medicine.
- - microbial genome research for fuel and
environmental cleanup. - - DNA forensics.
- - improved agriculture and livestock.
- - better understanding of evolution and human
migration. - - more accurate risk assessment.
25Making Humulin
- In 1982, the worlds first genetically engineered
pharmaceutical product was sold. - Humulin, human insulin
- Was produced by genetically modified bacteria
- Was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by
the FDA - Is used today by more than 4 million people with
diabetes
26- Today, humulin is continuously produced in
gigantic fermentation vats filled with a liquid
culture of bacteria.
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28If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC,
transcription will result in a(n) ______. A)
single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG B) DNA
double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one
strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand C)
single DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG D)
single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG E) RNA
double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one
strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand
29If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC,
transcription will result in a(n) ______. A)
single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG B) DNA
double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one
strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand C)
single DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG D)
single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG E) RNA
double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one
strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand
30Translation converts the information stored in
______ to ______. A) DNA . . . RNA B) RNA . . .
a polypeptide C) protein . . . DNA D) DNA . . . a
polypeptide E) RNA . . . DNA
31Translation converts the information stored in
______ to ______. A) DNA . . . RNA B) RNA . . .
a polypeptide C) protein . . . DNA D) DNA . . . a
polypeptide E) RNA . . . DNA
32Where is translation accomplished? A)
lysosomes B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C)
peroxisomes D) ribosomes E) nucleoli
33Where is translation accomplished? A)
lysosomes B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C)
peroxisomes D) ribosomes E) nucleoli
34A mutation within a gene that will insert a
premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. A)
result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid
shorter than the one produced prior to the
mutation B) result in a shortened polypeptide
chain C) result in a missense mutation D) change
the location at which transcription of the next
gene begins E) have the same effect as deleting a
single nucleotide in the gene
35A mutation within a gene that will insert a
premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. A)
result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid
shorter than the one produced prior to the
mutation B) result in a shortened polypeptide
chain C) result in a missense mutation D) change
the location at which transcription of the next
gene begins E) have the same effect as deleting a
single nucleotide in the gene
36What is the smallest number of nucleotides that
must be added or subtracted to change the triplet
grouping of the genetic message? A) one B) two C)
three D) four E) five
37What is the smallest number of nucleotides that
must be added or subtracted to change the triplet
grouping of the genetic message? A) one B) two C)
three D) four E) five
38Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The
codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______.
A) serine B) arginine C) threonine D)
alanine E) glycine
39Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The
codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______.
A) serine B) arginine C) threonine D)
alanine E) glycine
40A mutation would be most harmful to the cells if
it resulted in ______. A) a single nucleotide
insertion near the start of the coding
sequence B) a single nucleotide deletion near the
end of the coding sequence C) a single nucleotide
in the middle of an intron D) substitution of a
base pair E) deletion of a triplet near the
middle of the gene
41A mutation would be most harmful to the cells if
it resulted in ______. A) a single nucleotide
insertion near the start of the coding
sequence B) a single nucleotide deletion near the
end of the coding sequence C) a single nucleotide
in the middle of an intron D) substitution of a
base pair E) deletion of a triplet near the
middle of the gene
42 In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______
and guanine pairs with ______. A) cytosine . . .
thymine B) guanine . . . adenine C) uracil . . .
cytosine D) thymine . . . cytosine E) cytosine .
. . uracil
43 In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______
and guanine pairs with ______. A) cytosine . . .
thymine B) guanine . . . adenine C) uracil . . .
cytosine D) thymine . . . cytosine E) cytosine .
. . uracil
44 RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead
of ______, which is only found in DNA. A) a
deoxyribose sugar . . . a ribose sugar B)
nucleotides . . . nucleic acids C) uracil . . .
thymine D) cytosine . . . guanine E) adenine . .
. guanine
45 RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead
of ______, which is only found in DNA. A) a
deoxyribose sugar . . . a ribose sugar B)
nucleotides . . . nucleic acids C) uracil . . .
thymine D) cytosine . . . guanine E) adenine . .
. guanine
46If one strand of a DNA double helix has the
sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the
other strand? A) ACTTGC B) TGAACG C) CAGGTA D)
CAGGUA E) CUGGTU
47If one strand of a DNA double helix has the
sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the
other strand? A) ACTTGC B) TGAACG C) CAGGTA D)
CAGGUA E) CUGGTU
48What name is given to the collection of traits
exhibited by an organism? A) holotype B)
genotype C) typology D) phenotype E) morphology
49What name is given to the collection of traits
exhibited by an organism? A) holotype B)
genotype C) typology D) phenotype E) morphology
50How many nucleotides make up a codon? A) one B)
two C) three D) four E) five
51How many nucleotides make up a codon? A) one B)
two C) three D) four E) five
52Transcription is the ______. A) manufacture of a
strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA B)
manufacture of two new DNA double helices that
are identical to an old DNA double helix C)
modification of a strand of RNA prior to the
manufacture of a protein D) manufacture of a
protein based on information carried by RNA E)
manufacture of a new strand of DNA complementary
to an old strand of DNA
53Transcription is the ______. A) manufacture of a
strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA B)
manufacture of two new DNA double helices that
are identical to an old DNA double helix C)
modification of a strand of RNA prior to the
manufacture of a protein D) manufacture of a
protein based on information carried by RNA E)
manufacture of a new strand of DNA complementary
to an old strand of DNA