On the Eve of a New World Order

1
On the Eve of a New World Order

• Chapter 20

2
Democratic Revolutions

• Earlier democratic reforms in England with the
  Glorious Revolution
• Democratic traditions long part of English
  history
• Magna Carta - 1215
• Jury System
• Parliament
• Common Law
• Petition of Right

3
American Revolution

• Neglected colonies for 150 years
• Mercantilism favorable trade for GB
• French and Indian War (7 Years War) GB v.
  France for control of N. America
• England wins N. America from the French new
  restrictions and taxes to pay for the war
• First Continental Congress - Colonial defiance
  and resistance demonstrations, boycotts,
  protests, committees, Boston Tea Party
• Colonies had all been separate

4
American Revolution cont.

• April 1775, Lexington Concord First shots
  (heard around the world)
• 2nd Continental Congress
• George Washington in command
• Declaration of Independence (1776) by Thomas
  Jefferson based on Enlightenment ideas of
  Locke, Rousseau, etc.
• 1781 - Americans defeat British (Cornwallis
  surrenders to Washington) win independence

5
American Revolution cont.

• Articles of Confederation first government
  (weak, couldnt tax, raise and army, regulate
  trade, etc.) Why?
• Philadelphia went to revise Articles
• New government entirely Constitution
• Separation of powers
• Legislative makes laws
• Executive enforces laws
• Judicial interprets laws

6
American Revolution cont.

• Checks and balances each branch limits the
  others (veto, appointments, controlling )
• Bicameral 2 house legislature
• Senate 2 per state
• House of Representatives based on population

7
American Revolution cont.

• Not approved until Bill of Rights added
• First 10 amendments to the Constitution
• 1 speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
• 2 bear arms
• 3 no quartering of troops
• 4 no unreasonable searches seizures

8
Amendments cont.

• 5 Rights of the accused
• Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no
  self-incrimination, cant take property without
  compensation
• 6 Rights of the accused
• Speedy and public trial, impartial jury, informed
  of the charges, confront witnesses, lawyer
• 7 Jury trial in civil suit (over 20)
• 8 No unreasonable fine, punishment, bail
• Only 27 total amendments in over 200 years!

9
The French Revolution
10
French Revolution - Causes

• King Louis XVI ruled by divine right
• Ministers selected by favoritism, not ability
• Debt, bad harvests, inflation
• Nobility/Clergy not taxed
• Censored press and speech
• Lettres de cachet imprisoned enemies
  indefinitely w/out charge, trial, bail
• People had no voice in government social
  inequality

11
Causes cont.

• 3 distinct classes - Estates
• First clergy
• Second nobility
• Third the rest (bourgeoisie bankers,
  manufacturers, professionals, city workers,
  peasants made up 97 of the population!
• 1st and 2nd estates owned most land, power, held
  best jobs, exempt from most taxes

12
Causes cont.

• Inspired by the philosophes (Enlightenment) and
  the American Revolution
• Louis XVI spent vast sums of money on Versailles,
  helping Americans in Revolution
• Summoned the Estates General (legislature)
• 1st had 300 representatives
• 2nd had 300 representatives
• 3rd had 600 representatives

13
(No Transcript)
14
Causes cont.

• Voted by Estate not by numbers so vote was always
  2 to 1
• Third Estate brings cahiers grievances to the
  king
• The Revolution begins liberte, egalite,
  fraternite
• Third Estate declares themselves a National
  Assembly
• Tennis Court oath pledged a constitution

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
Revolution

• Bastille is destroyed (7/14/89) hated symbol of
  the Old Regime (French independence day)
• National Assembly abolishes special privileges
• Declaration of the Rights of Man (from England
  and American history)
• Church lands broken up and sold to peasants
• Abolished Church tithes, guaranteed freedom of
  religion
• Constitution of 1791 Legislative Assembly would
  pass laws

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
Revolution cont.

• Girondists (moderates) middle class vs. Jacobins
  (radicals) favored poor
• First French Republic - Louis XVI is tried for
  treason, death by guillotine (along with Marie
  Antoinette)
• Committee of Public Safety (Jacobins) led by
  Robespierre
• Reign of Terror - all enemies crushed mass
  executions by guillotine lost support

23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Napoleon Bonaparte

• Had gained fame as military leader
• Coup detat swift overthrow of government
  declares himself First Consul
• Declared himself Emperor Napoleon with the
  support of the people
• Dominates Europe Austria, Prussia, Russia
  controlled parts of Italy, Naples, Germany,
  Poland
• Only England stood in his way

30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
Napoleons Downfall

• Continental System blockade to stop British
  trade unsuccessful
• Peninsular War Placed brother on Spanish
  throne guerilla attacks from Spain for 6 years
  costly
• Invaded Russia Russians retreated, French lines
  too far extended, Russians destroyed and burned
  everything scorched earth.
• French forced to retreat lost ¾ of his army
• Defeated by Russia, Prussia, Austria fled to
  Elba
• Returned after 100 days
• Defeated at Waterloo by Duke of Wellington
• Exiled to St. Helena where he died

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
Accomplishments

• Centralized local government under his authority
  local officials answered to him
• Furthered public education
• Settled religious differences (Concordat) to some
  degree
• Code of Napoleon legal code that included
  certain civil rights (jury, etc.)
• Legion of Honor to recognize distinguished
  military careers
• Public works
• Rise of nationalism
• Sparks successful revolutions in S. America

36
(No Transcript)
37
Congress of Vienna

• New goal for order and stability after Napoleon
• Austria Prince von Metternich wanted to
  restore balance of power, limit power of France
  restore royal families to throne (distrusted
  democratic ideals)
• Legitimacy restore as many royal legitimate
  powers as possible
• Concert of Europe agreed to help each other if
  attacked
• Holy Alliance base their agreements on
  Christian principles
• Couldnt turn back the clock revolutionary
  ideals had begun to spread around the world!
• Nationalistic feelings begin to grow