Revival of Feminism

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Chapter 22

• Section 1

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Revival of Feminism

• Womans Liberation Freedom from the limits of
  traditionally female roles
• __________________________________
• Origins of the womans movement
• Started in the 1960s
• Started primarily among white middle class
  women

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The Early History

• 1910 Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho were
  the only states that gave women full voting
  rights
• 1919 Congress passes 19th amendment giving all
  women full voting rights
• Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in
  1963

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The Womans Dilemma

• Minority woman faced both sexual and racial
  discrimination
• Woman who came from other countries put their
  rights as an African American, or a Hispanic
  American 1st, and their rights as a woman 2nd

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Womans Issues in the 1960s

• Feminists emerged (Activists for womans equal
  rights)
• __________________________________
• Economic Rights
• 1960 women make up one third of the workforce
• Women make 59 cents to every mans
• 1963 equal pay act requires employers to pay
  women the same for their job as men.
• 1964 civil rights act prohibits discrimination
  in employment on the basis of sex as well as of
  race

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Political Rights

• In 1963 women occupied only 5 of state
  legislative seats
• __________________________________
• Reproductive Rights
• 1960 Food and Dud Admin. Approves sale of birth
  control

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The Founding of NOW

• The National Organization for Woman started in
  1966
• It helped sexual and racial discrimination of
  woman
• And wanted equal rights for all women
• Inspired The National Womens Caucus, founded in
  1971, which put women into political offices
• 1970 North American Indian Womens association
• 1972 Ms. A feminist magazine publishes 1st
  issue After that womens colleges began to appear
  and means colleges started letting women into
  them.

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Radical Feminism

• NOW is a radical organization
• These women practices participatory democracy
  participating directly rather than through
  elected representatives
• __________________________
• The Opposition
• A lot of women still didnt like the idea of
  Feminism, they said it strayed to far from
  tradition
• Phyllis Schlafly Published The Power Of The
  Positive Woman in 1977

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Responses of Congress and the Courts

• 1970 Labor Department makes it so employers
  need to have a certain number of women working
  for them.
• 1972 Education amendments prevent
  discrimination for getting into schools.
• __________________________________
• The Fight for ERA
• Supported the Equal Rights Act

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The Defeat of ERA

• 1982 ERA doesnt have 38 state members and
  fails
• __________________________________
• Roe vs. Wade
• Established womens rights to have an abortion
• Congress stated that after the 1st trimester of
  pregnancy abortion would officially be illegal

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A Shift in Focus

• In this transition of abortion the focus went
  from the rights of the mother to the rights of
  the baby

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Hispanic Americans Organize

• Section 2

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Background

• A Hispanic American is a person who came from or
  is descended from someone who came from a
  Spanish-speaking country (Mexico, Puerto Rica,
  Cuba, etc.)
• From 3 million in 1960, the population of
  Hispanic Americans rose to 30.3 million by 1980
• They are the fastest-growing minority in the
  country

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Coming Into America

• Many Hispanic Americans were descendents of the
  one million people who fled Mexico after the
  revolution in 1910
• Some came as braceros, farm workers who were
  issued temporary work permits during and after
  WWII
• Still others are illegal immigrants
• There were also a lot of Cubans that came after
  Fidel Castro took over Cuba

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Political Problems

• Since the Hispanic Americans were so diverse, it
  was hard for any one political leader to unify
  them
• So, though there were so many Hispanic American
  voters, there were very few Hispanic American
  politicians elected
• They had very little representation

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José Angel Gutiérrez
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The Bracero Program

• Brought on by labor shortage during WWII
• Allows farm laborers to enter the U.S. on
  temporary programs
• Mexico disliked this program, fearing
  discrimination, but eventually accepted it
• It ended in 1965 when Mexican Americans
  complained about the poor working conditions

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Illegal Immigrants

• The illegal immigrant problem began due to the
  poverty of Mexico
• Illegals were often exploited by Coyotes who
  charged huge sums of money to take them across
  the border
• Illegal immigrants would work for little pay and
  not apply for help for fear of being deported

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Céser Chávez

• He wanted each issue involving Hispanic Americans
  to be treated individually
• He organized a lot of nonviolent protests
  including boycotts
• When his protests were met with violence, the
  people didnt like it and he got the benefits he
  wanted

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Céser Chávez
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Bilingualism

• Bilingualism knowing two languages
• Teaching Hispanic children two languages brought
  up a lot of controversy in the 70s
• People in favor of bilingualism said it was the
  only way to ensure that minority students would
  receive a good education
• People against it felt it delayed full
  assimilation of minorities into society

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Native American Land Claimsby
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The Lake is as blue as turquoise. It is
surrounded by evergreens. In the summer there are
millions of wildflowers. Springs are all around.
We have no buildings there, no steeples. There is
nothing the human hand has made. The Lake is our
church.We pray to the water, the sun, the
clouds, the sky, the deer. Without them they
couldnt exist.-John C. Reyna
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Life on the Reservation

• Little to no representation
• Segregated
• 2/3 of tribes live off of land
• Bureau of Indian Affairs
• 38 below poverty line
• Disease
• Suicides 2x

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The Fight for Ownership

• Organized to combat these issues
• Embrace cultural aspects
• Formation of militant groups
• -AIM (American Indian Movement)
• Self-determination

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Eyes are Opened

• Court challenges- ICC heard and awarded 670 cases
  and awarded around 775 to each settlement
• TANLCAS- gave 40 million acres and 962.5 million
  in cash
• These people wanted land. Not compensation.

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• The disputes between the sacred lands of tribes
  still ensued. People today are not satisfied with
  what was wrongfully taken from them so long ago.
  And yet

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Section Four
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Profile of a Generation

• Many teens that grew up in the cold war believed
  they lived on the, edge of disaster
• Generation gap differences in attitudes between
  people of different age groups
• Music was important (for teens) with
  communication and classification

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Beliefs and Values

• Different counterculture groups had different
  goals
• Common rejection of the prevailing middle class
  values
• Establishment people and institutions that
  represented power, authority and the status quo

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New Views

• Hippies- members of the counterculture
• Searched for highs in drugs, alcohol and other
  things
• Tend to reject conservative morals
• Availability of birth control

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New Views (cont)

• Timothy Leary self-appointed guru, spiritual
  leader of many drug user
• Academic dropout
• Experimented with lysergic acid dielythylamide
  (LSD), a mind altering drug
• Fired by Harvard
• Turn on, tune in, drop out.

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New Religious Movements

• Most counterculture embraced spirituality. This
  included astrology, magic, eastern religions and
  new forms of Christianity
• Some had strict rules against actions, their
  centers were many times refuge for young people
  seeking help for their addictions

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City Hangouts

• It was common to live with groups, without regard
  to gender or marital status
• Pad- a room with mattresses on the floor, or with
  room to roll out sleeping bags
• The Diggers- a formed group in San Fran operated
  a free store of used clothing

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City Hangouts (cont)

• Summer was a popular time for young people to
  converge to the cites
• There was always a concert or show happening in
  the street (drugs were readily available)
• Murders in fall 1967 left groups retreating to
  the country, forming communes
• Communes- communities that shared property

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Rural Communes

• 1970- The New York Times estimated communes to
  2,000
• Some held meetings, wrote bylaws, and discussed
  the ideal communities
• Sought out secluded areas of natural beauty
• Problems that arose were due to organization and
  lack of privacy

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Counterculture and the Mainstream

• Cultural diffusion- the mainstream adopting
  aspects of the counterculture
• Different things that were changed
• Diet
• Fashion
• Music and Dance
• Art

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Diet

• New Items in the American Diet included
• organically grown foods
• yogurt
• ranch-fed chicken (grown up on farm)

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Fashion

• Fashion became colorful, beaded, braided, patched
  and fringed garments that both men and women
  would wear

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Popular Music

• Elvis Presley
• Buddy Holly
• The Beatles
• Janis Joplin
• Bob Dylan

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Art

• Pop art- photographs, comics, advertisements and
  brand name products
• Andy Worhol-used famous people (Marilyn Monroe,
  Elizabeth Taylor) and repeated them over and over

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