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Multiple Baseline Designs

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Title: Multiple Baseline Designs


1
Multiple Baseline Designs
  • Chapter 7
  • Single Subject Research and Design

2
Multiple Baseline
  • Description
  • Multiple measures are used to obtain data over
    two or more baselines
  • The end result appears visually as a series of
    A-B designs on top of one another
  • The DV may consist of 2 or more different
    behaviors
  • Versatile and relatively easy to understand
  • Perhaps the most common design in use today

3
Multiple Baseline Design
  • If 3 dependent variables have been chosen,
    baseline data is obtained for all three dependent
    variables
  • The researcher implements the intervention for
    the first DV while maintaining baseline
    conditions for the other two
  • When the criterion is obtained on the first
    behavior, the intervention may be implemented and
    analyzed as to its effect on the second DV
  • A follow-up stage is included to ensure that the
    effects of the IV are maintained

4
Multiple Baseline Design
  • MBD are used
  • When withdrawal or reversal designs may not be
    feasible due to ethical concerns of withdrawing
    treatment
  • When practical considerations are necessary, such
    as more than one person needing interventions
  • In cases where the IV should not be withdrawn or
    the achieved target behavior cannot be reversed

5
Prediction Verification and Replication
  • Verification is evident if the data path changes
    in a predictable manner through a phase change,
    as from baseline to intervention
  • Inferences can be made concerning the
    complimentary roles of prediction and
    verification
  • 1. If potential confounding variables are held
    constant across all variables and the target
    behavior remains unchanged from DV 1 to variables
    2 and 3, then the prediction is valid
  • 2. if changes in the IV occur with DV 1, the
    observed changes in the target behavior are
    brought about by the IV because only that DV was
    exposed to the IV

6
Replication
  • Replication is achieved when similar results are
    obtained with each DV following the introduction
    of the same IV
  • Replication can provide evidence of a functional
    relationship between the dependent and
    independent variables

7
Covariance Among Dependent Variables
  • The variables in the treatment may covary, so it
    is important to select dependent variables that
    exhibit some degree of independence
  • Each dependent variable must be measured using
    the same method of recording behavior

8
Advantages of Multiple Baseline Designs
  • The withdrawal of an effective treatment is not
    required to demonstrate the functional
    relationship between the IV and DV
  • The sequential implementation of the IV parallels
    the practice of teachers
  • Generalization of behavior change is monitored
    through the design
  • The design is easily used and conceptualized

9
Disadvantages of Multiple Baseline Design
  • Possibility of covariance
  • Functional relationships may not be clearly
    demonstrated
  • Verification relies on the dependent variable
    levels not changing until the independent
    variable is introduced and then changing in a
    similar manner to any previously treated
    behaviors
  • Implementation can be time consuming and may
    require substantial resources

10
Multiple Baseline design should not be used
  • When selected target behaviors are not
    functionally similar nor independent of one
    another
  • If there is only one subject in one setting and
    one target behavior
  • When more than one intervention phase is
    desirable to demonstrate the functional
    relationship
  • When constraints on resources make implementation
    impossible

11
Multiple Baseline Across Behavior
  • Three or more behaviors are identified that are
    exhibited by the same subject in the same setting
    and then systematically subjected to the same
    intervention or independent variable

12
Critical Issues in Implementing a MB Across
Behaviors Design
  • 1. selection of an individual participant who
    displays multiple behaviors in a single setting
    that require intervention
  • 2. functional similarity and independence of
    those behaviors as one might be able to determine
    priority
  • 3. a reasonable expectation that the same
    variables will exert equal influence on each of
    the dependent variables

13
Critical Issues (continued)
  • 4. selection of a treatment that can be expected
    to produce a similar and independent effect on
    each of the dependent variables
  • 5. a consistent recording procedure for each of
    the target behaviors and a criterion level for
    decision making
  • 6. confidence that the resources and time needed
    to record multiple baselines and subsequent
    intervention will be maintained throughout the
    study

14
Multiple Baseline Across Settings
  • Only one subject is identified but the researcher
    identifies two or more settings in which the
    individual emits the same behavior
  • The same subject is treated for the same behavior
    in different settings

15
Issues in the Implementation of the MB Across
Settings design
  • 1.Selection of an individual subject who displays
    the same target behavior in multiple settings
  • 2. selection of settings that are functionally
    similar but also independent of one another as
    one may best determine priority
  • 3. a reasonable expectation that the same
    variables will be exerting the same influence in
    each of the settings

16
Issues continued
  • 4. selection of a treatment that can be expected
    to produce similar effects in each setting
  • 5. a consistent recording procedure for each
    setting and a criterion level for decision making
  • 6. confidence that resources will be maintained
    throughout the length of the study

17
  • It is important to note that a major disadvantage
    of MB across settings design is that extraneous
    variables that may influence responding in
    different settings can be difficult to control or
    predict.

18
Multiple Baseline Across Subjects
  • In this design more than one subject
    participates.
  • Two or more individuals are identified that emit
    the same target behavior in the same setting
  • The subjects should be enough alike that one can
    expect each subject to respond similarly to the
    same intervention yet independent enough of one
    another to avoid covariance

19
Issues in Implementing a MB across Subjects Design
  • 1. selection of individual participants who
    display the same target behavior in the same
    setting
  • 2. The subjects should be enough alike that one
    can expect each subject to respond similarly to
    the same intervention yet independent enough of
    one another to avoid covariance
  • 3. a reasonable expectation that the same
    variables will exert the same influence on each
    of the subjects

20
Issues in Implementing a MB across Subjects Design
  • 4. selection of an independent variable that is
    likely to have a similar effect on each subject
  • 5. a consistent recording procedure for each of
    the target behaviors and a criterion level for
    decision making
  • 6. confidence that the resources and time needed
    to record multiple baselines and subsequent
    intervention will be maintained throughout the
    study

21
Adaptations of the Multiple Baseline Design
  • Multiple Probe Design
  • Data probes are taken during baselines rather
    than continuous measurement
  • Used to decrease the collection of data
  • Researcher makes periodic recordings (probes) of
    baseline levels to ensure that no significant
    changes have occurred before the introduction of
    the intervention
  • The use of probes reduce the need for resources
    that may be unavailable to maintain the
    continuous recording of behavior during baseline
    phases

22
  • Delayed Multiple Baseline Design
  • May be employed when a withdrawal design no
    longer is possible or when other behaviors,
    settings, or individuals emerge that are in need
    of intervention
  • Baselines are not measured at the same time
  • It allows the use of fewer resources and the
    researcher may extend the study to new
    behaviors, settings, and individuals that had not
    been targeted a priori
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