The urinary system homeostasis and temperature control

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The urinary systemhomeostasis and temperature
control
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The urinary system
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????????????

• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????????-????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ???????????? erythropoietin, renin, angiotensin,
  prostaglandin, vitamin D3

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Nephron
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Urine formation
1 ml/min 1-2 L/day
GFR 100-125 ml/min 180 L/day
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Urine Formation

• Pressure filtration
• - glomerular capsule
• 2. Selective reabsorption
• -proximal convoluted tubule.
• 3. Tubular secretion
• - distal convoluted tubule.

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• Distal tubule
• Secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins
• Reabsorption of water, Na, Cl, Ca (under hormonal
  control)

Proximal tubule - Reabsorption of waterion and
organic nutrients
Renal corpuscle - Production of filtrate
Loop of Henle - Reabsorption of water, Na, Cl
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Composition of urine

• Organic substances urea, uric, creatinine
• Inorganic substances Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, Cl.
  HCO3, PO4

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???????????????????

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• ???????? posterior pituitary gland
• ???????????????????????? collecting tubule
• Aldosterone
• ???????? adrenal cortex
• ??? Na ??????? collecting tubule
• Atrial natriuretic peptide
• ??????????????????
• ??????????? Na ??? collecting tubule
• Parathyroid hormone
• ??????????? PO4, ??????? Ca, ?????????????
  vitamin D ?????

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Homeostasis
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• Homeostasis - condition in which the body's
  internal environment remains within certain
  physiological limits.
• Homoios the same stasis standing

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Basic component of control mechanism

• Sensor mechanism
• Sensory nerve cells or endocrine glands
• Deviation from set point sensor generates
  afferent signal
• Integrating/control center
• Receives afferent signal
• Analyzes and integrated with other information
• Sends efferent signal to organs (effectors)

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Basic component of control mechanism

• Effectors mechanism
• Organs (muscles or glands) directly influence
  physiological variables
• Feedback system

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effector
sensor
Control center
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Water balance
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Body fluid
Body weight total body water
Extracellular fluid 20 37.5
- Blood plasma 5 7.5
- Interstitial fluid 15 30.0
Intracellular fluid 40 62.5
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Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure
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Total urine output 1.0-1.5 L/d
Total insensible loss 0.5 L/d
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??????????????????????? sodium

• ????????? osmolarity ??????????
• Osmole receptor ??? anterior hypothalamus
• ?????????????????????????????
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? (volume sensing) -
  baroreceptor ????????????????
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
• Reabsorption of sodium

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?ECF Water Na
?blood volume
?thirst
?aldosterone
?ADH
?water reabsorption
?Na excretion
?urine
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?ECF ? (Water Na)
?blood volume
?thirst
?aldosterone
?ADH
?Na reabsorption
?water reabsorption
?urine
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Normal
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
?osmole
?Na conc. ??????? ???????????
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
?osmole
?Na conc. ?????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????

• ????????????? polyuria, oliguria, anuria

• ???????????????? ??????

• ?????????????

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?????????????????????????????????????????????
- ???
- ??????? ???? ???????????
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????????????????????????????
- dehydration
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Thirst Dry lips Slightly dry mouth membranes
Mild dehydration
Very dry mouth membranes Sunken eyes Poor skin
turgor
Moderate dehydration
Rapid, weak pulse Cold hands and feet Rapid
breathing Confusion
Severe dehydration
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- dehydration
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Temperature control
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Heat exchange
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Heat balance
heat in
heat out
Radiation Conduction Convection evaporation

• Sweating
• Cutaneous vasodilatation

Warm environment
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Body temperature
- Normal 37 oC (range 36-38 oC)

• ???????????????? body temperature
• ???????????????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????????

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Expose to cold
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Expose to heat
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Fever
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A persons sweating rate

• Climatic condition
• Clothing worn
• Exercise intensity

Sweating rate 1.0-2.5 L/h
Na in sweat 10-100 meq/L
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body weight loss as sweat Physiological effects
2 Impaired performance
4 Capacity for muscular work declined
5 Heat exhaustion
7 Hallucination
10 Circulatory collapse and heat stroke
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Development of heat exhaustion
Expose to heat
Cutaneous vasodilatation
Excessive sweating
?cardiac output ?blood pressure
shock
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Development of heat stroke
Strenuous exercise Hot, humid environment
Inadequate temperature regulation
???Core temperature
Impaired CNS function
Organ tissue damage
Death
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??????????????????????????????????????? fitness
center ????????????????? 1 ???????
????????????????????????????????????

• ?????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

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??????????????????? sauna ???????????????????????
?????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????
????????????
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