Welcome to Strand Two CAPT Review!

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Welcome to Strand Two CAPT Review!

• Please take out paper or an electronic device to
  take notes/answer questions with.
• Todays Topics
• Atoms and Periodic Table
• Carbon and Hydrocarbons
• Natural Polymers
• Synthetic Polymers

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Periodic Table Overview
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Comparing Structure
Nitrogen Atom
Phosphorus Atom
What are the similarities? What are the
differences?
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Check for Understanding

• Which of the following elements would have the
  most similar reactivity?
• a. Na, Mg, K
• b. O, F, Ne
• c. F, Cl, Br
• d. H, Be, Mg

Correct Answer C They are in the same family
(aka group or column).
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Directions Fill in the blanks with the
appropriate subatomic particle

• _______ determine the element. _______ determine
  the mass. ________ determine the charge.

Protons determine the element. Neutrons
determine the mass. Electrons determine the
charge.
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Covalent Bonding
Is chlorine (Cl) a metal or a nonmetal?
SHARING valence electrons!
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Ionic Bonding
Is sodium (Na) a metal or a nonmetal? Is chlorine
(Cl) a metal or a nonmetal?
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Organic Chemistry
Contains CARBON!
Why is carbon found in all polymers?
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• What can be concluded from comparing these two
  pictures of polymers?
• a. Polymers are easily broken down into their
  component parts.
• b. The same number of carbon atoms may be
  arranged in various ways.
• c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than
  ringed polymer structures.
• d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear
  polymer than a ringed polymer.

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• What can be concluded from comparing these two
  pictures of polymers?
• a. Polymers are easily broken down into their
  component parts.
• b. The same number of carbon atoms may be
  arranged in various ways.
• c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than
  ringed polymer structures.
• d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear
  polymer than a ringed polymer.

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Polymers
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What is a polymer?

• Polymer Definition Long chains of repeating
  subunits chemically bonded together by covalent
  bonds.

Monomer repeating subunit
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Can you think of any natural polymers?

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids/Fats
• Nucleic Acids

How are big carbohydrates (or any polymer)
formed? Watch this
http//pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/tooncell.htm
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Think, Pair, Share Brainstorm a list of
synthetic polymers.

• Man-made
• Transformed Society
• Ex Nylon, Plastics,
• Volcanized Rubber

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Physical Properties and Tests

• What are the unique properties to the two plastic
  polymers shown below

vs.
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So how do we test polymers?

• Polymers can be strong in many ways!

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Test 1 Tensile Strength

• To test try to pull it!

Tensile strength ? the amount of pulling force
placed upon a material before it breaks
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Test 2 Puncture Resistance

• To test try to hit sharply or suddenly

Puncture resistance ? ability of a material to
keep moving objects from perforating the surface
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Test 3 Abrasion Resistance

• To test rub with sandpaper.

vs.
Abrasion resistance - toughness of material
against scraping, scuffing or scarring
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What type of test should be done on climbing rope?
1 Finger Tensile Strength 2 Fingers Abrasion
Test 3 Fingers Puncture Test
Dont reveal your answer until I ask!
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How can we make polymers stronger?
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sulfur
Polymer Polyisoprene Chains
Add some heat and
Cross-linked Polyisoprene!
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Check for UnderstandingPetroleum-based Polymers
vs. Plant-based Polymers

• A petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer is commonly
  used for grocery bags. Recently there has been a
  push by environmentalists to make grocery bags
  out of plant-based (organic) polymers.
• Students in a science class decided to
  investigate the strength of the two types of
  polymers. They obtained one petroleum-based
  (inorganic) polymer bag and one plant-based
  (organic) polymer bag of the same size and
  thickness. They added 100-gram weights to each
  bag until it broke.
• What is the independent variable in the
  investigation?
• a. the size of the bags
• b. the type of polymer
• c. the thickness of the bags
• d. the amount of weight of the bags

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Check for UnderstandingPetroleum-based Polymers
vs. Plant-based Polymers

• A petroleum-based (inorganic) polymer is commonly
  used for grocery bags. Recently there has been a
  push by environmentalists to make grocery bags
  out of plant-based (organic) polymers.
• Students in a science class decided to
  investigate the strength of the two types of
  polymers. They obtained one petroleum-based
  (inorganic) polymer bag and one plant-based
  (organic) polymer bag of the same size and
  thickness. They added 100-gram weights to each
  bag until it broke.
• What is the independent variable in the
  investigation?
• a. the size of the bags
• b. the type of polymer
• c. the thickness of the bags
• d. the amount of weight of the bags

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Check for UnderstandingPetroleum-based Polymers
vs. Plant-based Polymers

• The students found that the plant-based polymer
  grocery bag held 500 grams before breaking and
  the petroleum-based polymer grocery bag held 600
  grams before breaking. In order to increase
  confidence in their results, the students should
  repeat the investigation using _____________.
• only plant-based polymer bags
• two other types of polymer bags
• a double thickness of each polymer bag
• both the plant and petroleum polymer bags

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Check for UnderstandingPetroleum-based Polymers
vs. Plant-based Polymers

• The students found that the plant-based polymer
  grocery bag held 500 grams before breaking and
  the petroleum-based polymer grocery bag held 600
  grams before breaking. In order to increase
  confidence in their results, the students should
  repeat the investigation using _____________.
• only plant-based polymer bags
• two other types of polymer bags
• a double thickness of each polymer bag
• both the plant and petroleum polymer bags

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• What type of bonds are present in the polymers
  above?
• a. ionic bonds
• b. covalent bonds
• c. hydrogen bonds
• d. barry bonds

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• What type of bonds are present in the polymers
  above?
• a. ionic bonds
• b. covalent bonds
• c. hydrogen bonds
• d. barry bonds

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Odd One Out Polymers
Which is the odd one out? WHY is it the odd one out?
Branching Cross-Linking Linear Block
Carboyhydrate PVC Table Salt HDPE
Tensile Strength Flame Test Puncture Resistance Melting Point
Elasticity Compression Crystallinity Heat Resistance
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Odd One Out Polymers
Which is the odd one out? WHY is it the odd one out?
Branching Cross-Linking Linear Block Cross-Linking NOT a structure of a polymer (it is an alteration to any structure)
Carboyhydrate PVC Table Salt HDPE Table Salt NOT a polymer! It is an ionic compound.
Tensile Strength Flame Test Puncture Resistance Melting Point Flame Test NOT a polymer strength test. It tests for ions in solution.
Elasticity Compression Crystallinity Heat Resistance Crystallinity NOT a property of polymers.
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What is a hydrocarbon?

• Hydrocarbon

carbon
hydrogen
CxHy ? example Methane CH4
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What is the combustion reaction?

• CH4 O2 ? CO2 H2O heat

Reactants
Products
Endothermic or exothermic?
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What risks are associated with the incineration
of plastics?
What risks are associated with the dumping of
plastics into landfills?
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Open Ended Questions

• Take a hand out from the front and answer the
  practice open ended questions!