something about positive selection on amino acids substitutions

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10.4(2) Changes in the probability that an allele
will have various possible frequencies
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??????????? ??????????? Ne
Species N Ne
Homo sapiens 109 104
Drosophila melanogaster 1011 105
Caenorhabditis elegans 1015 105
Ciona savignyi 1018 106
Escherichia coli 1020 105
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J. Gillespie Population Genetics a Concise Guide
1998, p.31
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Data on mutation rates
Species Method Results
Estimate - normal Per nucleotide, if not stated otherwise
Neel et al., 1986 Homo sapiens 1 generation, electrophoresis 1.8 x 10-5 per protein
Nachman Crowell, 2000 Homo sapiens Many generations (Homo-Pan) 2.2 x 10-8
Kondrashov, 2003 Homo sapiens 1 (or few) generations Mendelian phenotypes 1.8 x 10-8
Denver Lynch, 2004 C. elegans 300 generations, direct sequencing 2.0 x 10-8 10-5 - mitochondria
Mukai 1964, 1972 D. melanogaster 100 generations, fitness 1 per genome
Keightley et al., 2007 D. melanogaster 100 generations, direct sequencing 0.8x10-8
Estimate - hot-spots
Jeffreys et al., 2002 Homo sapiens 1 generation (sperm), direct sequencing 10-2 - 10-4 per "locus"
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Nature 1968, 217624-626
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Science 1969, 164(3881)788-798
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k????. u
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k????? Nus
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k????? Nus
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lt 1/N
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Kovaleva et al. JBCB 2007
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Nikolaev et al. PNAS 2007
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Ohta T. 1996. BioEssays 18673-677
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Nature 2002, 4151022-1024
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Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004,
21(7)1350-1360
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Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007, 1046504-6510
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???? Dn/Ds
??? 1 ATG TCC CTA TAC GGA GCT??? 2 ATG TCT
CAT TAT AGA GAT
??????? ??????
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???? Dn/Ds
??? 1 ATG TCC CTA TAC GGA GCT??? 2 ATG TCT
CAT TAT AGA GAT

• ????????????? ????? Dn/Ds gt 1

??????????? ???????? Dn/Ds 1
????????????? ????? Dn/Ds lt 1
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Nielsen et al. PLOS Biol 2005
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