??? ???? (The biophysical dimension )

1
???????(The biophysical dimension )

• ??????????
• ? ? ???

2
????????????

• ?????????,???????,????????(????????????????)?????
  ?????????? (p42)

3
????

• ????(evolutionary theory)
• ????????????,???????????????????
• ??????????????????(variations)
• ?????????????????(p44)

4
????

• ?????(evolutionary psychology)
• attempts to explain mental and psychological
  traitssuch as memory, perception, or languageas
  adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of
  natural selection.
• In short, evolutionary psychology is focused on
  how evolution has shaped the mind and behavior.
• Closely related fields are human behavioral
  ecology, dual inheritance theory, and
  sociobiology. (wikipedia)

5
????

• ?????( sociobiology )
• attempts to explain social behavior in all
  species by considering the evolutionary
  advantages the behaviors may have.
• sociobiology's contention that genes play a
  central role in human behavior and that variation
  in traits such as aggressiveness can be explained
  by variation in peoples' biology and is not
  necessarily a product of the person's social
  environment. (wikipedia)

6
???????

• ??(growth)
• ????????,??????
• ????(hyperplasia)
• ????,???????????????
• ??????(hypertrophic growth)
• ??????,??????????(p47)

7
???????

• ??(development)
• ??????????
• ??????????????????,?????????(canalization),???????
  ???,???????? (p47)

8
???????

• ?????????,????????,???????

?? (cell)
?? (tissues) ????? ?????
?? (organs) ??? ????
?? (system) ????? ?????
??
9
???????

• ??(cell)
• ??2.1(p48)
• ????????????(nucleus)
• ??????????
• ???????23?(46?)???(chromosomes),??????????????23??
  ??

10
???????

• SWr. ?????????????????,???????????????
• ??
• ????(genetic information)???????
• ????????????,??????????(nucleic acids)

cell??
11
???????

• ??(nucleic acids)
• DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid,??????)
• ??????
• RNA(ribonucleic acid,????)
• ????????(ribosomes)
• ?????????????????,?????????????(p49)

cell??
12
???????

• ??????????????(chromosomes)?????????,???????????,?
  ??????

cell??

gene??????(????) ???color???,????
46????chromosomes
13
???????

• ????(mitosis)
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????46????
• ???????????,????????????????????????????,?????(p4
  9)

14
???????

• ????(meiosis)
• ??????????????
• ???????????????,??????????,?23?????
• ????????????(??????),????????????46?(23?)???,??22?
  ?????(autosomes),??????????(sex
  chromosomes)?(p50)
• ???XX???,???XY???(??????)

15
???????

• ??(variation)??????????,?????
• ??????,???????,?????????
• ??????,??????(recombination)
• ????(mutation)???? (p50)

16
???????

• ????????,?????
• ??????(single-gene disorders)
• ??????(multifactorial disorders)
• ????? (chromosome disorders)

17
????????(Dominant single-gene disorder)

• ?????????(Huntingtons chorea)
• ???????????????,???40?,?????,???????????,?????????
  ???,?????

18
????????(Dominant single-gene disorder)

• ?????(sickle-cell disease)
• ???????????(incomplete dominance)
• ????(?????)???????????(?????)???????
• ?????????,???,???????,?????,????????????????

19
????????(Recessive single-gene disorders )

• ???????????,
• ?????(cystic fibrosis)????????????????,??????????(
  p.51)
• ??????Tay-Sachs disease,????????? (p52)

20
X?????(X chromosome-linked disorders)

• ??????X????,??Y?????,????????,?????X???????,??????
  ?????,????
• ????(red-green color blindness)
• ???(Hemophilia)(???),???????
• ?????(Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome???????????,?????? (p52)

21
????????(Multifactorial disorders)

• ?????????????,?????
• ???????(neural tube defects)(p.53)

22
?????(Chromosome disorders)

• ??????????(translocation)
• ?????????,??????,????????????,???????????????(dele
  tion)?
• ????(nondisjunction)
• ???????????,????????,??????????47????,???????45???
  ??

23
?????(Chromosome disorders)

• ?????(Down syndromeu)
• ??????21??(trisomy 21),??????????????
• ??????????????,??????35-40?,40???????(p.53)

24
?????(Chromosome disorders)

• ??X???(fragile X syndrome)
• X???????????,????
• ??????(?2.3,p54)
• ?????????
• ??????????,????????
• Klinefelters syndrome
• ???????(XXY)
• Turners syndrome
• ????????(XO)

25
?????????

• ??????(?2.4)
• ???????,????????(P57)
• ??(frontal lobe)
• ??????????????????,????????????????
• ???????????????(Brocas area)

26
?????????

• ??????(?2.4)
• ??(parietal lobe)
• ??????????,????????
• ??(occipital lobe)
• ?????????
• ??(temporal lobe)
• ?????,???Wernickes area????(?2.5)
• ?????(P58, figure2.6)????????(?????P52)

27
?????????

• ??????(?2.4)
• ?????(P58, figure2.6)????????
• ??(forebrain/cerebrum)
• ??????,??
• ????(pituitary gland)?????
• ????(basal ganglia)????
• ????(limbic system)???????????????

28
?????????

• ??????(?2.4)
• ??(midbrain)??????
• ????(reticular system)
• ?????????,???????
• ??(hindbrain)
• ??(medulla oblongata)
• ??????,?????????????
• ??(cerebellum)
• ????

29
??????(Autonomic Nervous System)

• ????(sympathetic)????(parasympathetic)
• ??????????????????,????????????????,??????2.7(
  P59 )

30
?????????

• ??????(central nervous systems,CNS)
• ???????????????????????
• ??????(peripheral nervous system,PNS)
• ??????????????????,????,????????
• (?2.8 , p.59)

31
?????????

• ????????????(glia)??????(neurons)??(p.60)
• ????
• ???????,??????(supporting cells)
• ???????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????

32
?????????

• ????????????(glia)??????(neurons)??(p.60)
• ?????
• ??(??2.9)????(Axons)???(Dendrites)
• ??????,?????????????????,??????????,??????????????
  ??

33
?????????

• ????????????(glia)??????(neurons)??(p.60)
• ???????????????????,?????????2.10(p61)
• ???????(synapse),???????(synaptic
  cleft),??????????(neurotransmitters)??,??????(impl
  use)????????????

34
?????????

• ???????,???25??,?????????
• ?????????????????,???????????????,???????,????????
  ??
• ??????????,?????,????????
• ????????????,?0-2?????0-3???0-2?????1-4??/???3-10?
  ??0-10???? (p62)

35
?????????

• ?????????(spurt ??)
• ???????????,?????????,??????????40?????2.11???????
  ???(p63)
• ???????????,?????????????,?????6???,??????????????
  (p.64 ?2.12)
• ??????????,???????(gray matter)???????????????????
  ????,???????????????

36
?????????

• ???????? (p63-64)
• ?????(proliferation)
• ?????
• ??(migration)
• ???????????????,???????,???????
• ???????????????????????????????,???????

37
?????????

• ???????? (p63-64)
• ??(differentiation)
• ????????,????????????????,???????
• ???(myelination)
• ?????????(myelin)???,???????????

38
????

• ?????(physical resilence)?allostasis(p66)
• ?????
• ????????????
• Allostasis
• ??????????
• ???????????,????????????????????,?????????????????
  ,????

39
??????

• ??
• ??????
• ??????????
• ????
• ??
• ?????
• ???????