Market

1
????? 1 Introduction

• ????????????????? ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• Market
• Positive VS Normative
• Real VS Nominal Prices
• ????????????? ????????????????????? (??????)

2
????????????????? ???????
???????????

• ????????????????? ???
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????

????
????????????????? ??? ??????????????? 1
??????????? ???????????????????? 2 ????
3
???????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ??????????????????????? ??? ????
• ????????? (Explanation)
• ???????? (Prediction)

?????????????????????
???????????????????
4
2. ???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????

• 2.1 Market
• 2.2 Positive VS Normative
• 2.3 Real VS Nominal Price

5
2.1 ???????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????? 2 ??? ???
• ??????? (Buyers)
• ?????? (Sellers)
• ??????? ??? ?????????????????????? ?????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????? ??? ???????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??????? ??????????????????? ??????

6
???????????

• ???????????????? ???????????????? (??????????)
  ????????????
• ???? ??? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ???????????????????
• ?????????????? ?????????????

7
Q A

• ??? ????????????????? (Industry)
  ????????????????????????
• ?????????? ???????
• ?????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ????????? ????
• ??? ?????????? ???????? Supply ???????

8
???? (???)

• ????/?????? ???????(Extent of a Market)
• ??????????
• - ???????????????????
• ???? ?????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• - ???????????????
• ???? regular, super, diesel

9
?????????????

• ????????????????????????
• - ????????????????????????
• - ???????????????????????????????????
• - ?????????????????????????
• - ????????????????????
• - ??????????????

10
?????????????

• ??????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????? (Monopoly)
• ?????????????????????? (Oligopoly)
• ????????????????????????? (Monopolistic
  Competition)

11
?????????????????? ( Competitive Market)

• ?????????????? ????????????
• ???????????????? (Price Taker)
• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????

???????????? ????????
12
?????????? (Monopoly)

• ?????????????????????? Monopolist
• ???????????????????????? ?????????????
• Monopoly Power
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????

???????????? ????????????????????????????
13
?????????????????????? (Oligopoly)

• ???????? 2-3 ???
• ????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????
  ????? (Cartel)
• ??????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ???? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????

???????????? ????????????????????????????????
?????????????
14
????????????????????????? (Monopolistic
Competition)

• ???????????
• ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? ???? ????
  ???????????????????
• ???????
• ?????????????????????

15
2.2 Positive VS Normative

• ??????????????????????????? 2 ??????
• ????????????????????????? (What is )
  ????????????? (What was ) ?????????????? ( What
  will be)
• Positive Economics
• ????????????????????? ( What ought to be)
• Normative Economics

16
2.3 Real VS Nominal Prices

• ????? 10 ????????????????????????????? ????
  ????? 10 ??? ?????????????? 15 ???
  ?????????????????????? 5 ???
• Q ???????????????????????????????????? ?
• - ????????????????????????????????

• Nominal Price ??? ?????????????????????????
  ?.???????
• Real Price ??? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?? ?.???????

17
CPI

• CPI ???????? ????????????????????? ?????????????
  ??????????????? ?????????????????????

?????? 1) ??????????????????????? 1
???????????? ?????????????????????????
?????......(A) A (P0xX P0yY . )
2) ??????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????.....(B) B (
P1xX P1yY .) 3) CPI ??????????
(B)/(A)100
18
?????????

• ?????????????
• ?? 2530 ???? 40 ??? CPI 38.8
• ?? 2547 ???? 90 ??? CPI 144
• ??????
• ????????????????????? 2530 ???? 2547 ??????????
  ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  2530?

???????? ?????????? 47 ?????????? 30 ? X
(9038.8)/144) X
24.25
19
Why Study Microeconomics?
Examples

• 1. Ford and the development of its SUVs
• Questions
• Consumer acceptance and demand (Ch 3, 4, 5)
• Production cost (Ch 6, 7, 8)
• Pricing strategy (Ch 10, 11, 12, 13)
• Risk analysis (Ch 2, 5, 9, 14, 15 )
• Organizational decisions (Ch 11, 17)
• Government regulation (Ch 18)

20
Why Study Microeconomics?

• 2. Auto emission standards for the 21st century
• Questions
• Impact on consumers (Ch 3, 4,)
• Impact on producers (Ch 6, 7, 8, 10-13)
• How to enforce the standards (Ch 18)
• What are the benefits and costs? (875-364)