Parts of Speech

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Parts of Speech

• Miss Riscoe
• English 8

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IMPORTANT

• ANY NOTES YOU TAKE MAY BE USED ON THE TEST AT THE
  END OF EACH SECTION!!!!
• IT IS UP TO YOU WHAT YOU WANT TO WRITE DOWN.
  KEEP IN MIND THAT THE NOTES WILL HELP YOU SCORE
  HIGHER ON THE TEST

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Noun

• Definition a word used to name a person, place,
  a thing, or an idea.
• Examples
• Persons children, team, Lois Duncan
• Place neighborhood, New York City, desert
• Things money, animals, Statue of Liberty
• Ideas courage, love, luck

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Compound Nouns

• Definition two or more words used together as a
  single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be
  written as one word, as separate words, or as a
  hyphenated word.
• Examples
• One Word seafood, daydream, footsteps
• Separate Words compact disc, police officer, The
  Call of the Wild
• Hyphenated Words self-esteem, sister-in-law,
  fourteen-year-old

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Collective Nouns

• Definition a word that names a group.
• Examples
• Faculty, family, team, committee, audience

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Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

• Definition a common noun names any one of a
  group or persons, places, things, or ideas.
• Definition a proper noun names a particular
  person, place, thing, or idea. They always begin
  with a capital letter.

Common Nouns Proper Nouns
poem The Raven, I Am Joaquin
river Rio Grande, Congo River
day Friday, Independence Day
city Los Angeles, Miami
newspaper The New York Times, USA Today
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Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns

• Definition a concrete noun names a person, a
  place, or thing that can be perceived by one or
  more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch,
  or smell).
• Definition an abstract noun names an idea, a
  feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.

Concrete Nouns telephone, teacher, popcorn, Golden Gate Bridge, ocean
Abstract Nouns knowledge, love, humor, competition, beauty
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Lets Review Nouns!!

• A noun names a person, place, thing or idea.
• Nouns can be classified in many ways
• Compound
• Collective
• Common/Proper
• Concrete/Abstract

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Lets Review Nouns!

• Identify the nouns in the following sentences
• 1.) We have been reading about patriots in our
  textbook.
• (patriots, textbook)
• 2.) Evanti was the first African American woman
  to sing opera anywhere in the world.
• (Evantiproper noun) (woman, opera, worldcommon
  noun)
• 3.) Beyonce performed in conert at the White
  House for President Bush and his wife.
• (Beyonce, President Bush, White Houseproper
  noun)
• (concert, wifecommon noun)

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Pronoun

• Definition a word used in place of one noun or
  more than one noun
• A word that a pronoun stands for is called its
  antecedent.
• Examples
• When Amy saw the signal, she pointed it out to
  Michael.
• Kari read the book and returned it to the library.

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Personal Pronouns

• First personI, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
• Second personyou, your, yours
• Third personhe, him, his, she, her, hers, it,
  its, they, them, their, theirs

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Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

• Reflexive pronouns direct the action of the verb
  back to the subject. These are OFTEN misused.
• Examples myself, ourselves, yourself,
  yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
• I hurt myself on the playground.

• Intensive pronouns add emphasis and can be
  removed without changing the meaning of the
  sentence.
• I myself prefer spaghetti over lasagna.
• Judy designed the costume for the play herself.
• Only Juan himself knows the truth about that
  night.

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Demonstrative Pronouns

• Point out a person, place, a thing or an idea
• Examples this, that, these, those
• This is the day we have been waiting for.
• These are the names of those who volunteered.

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Interrogative Pronouns

• Introduces a question
• Examples what, which, who, whom, whose
• What is the name of the man over there?
• Who brought this music?
• Whose clothes are these?

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Relative Pronouns

• Introduce a subordinate clause
• Examples that, which, who, whom, whose
• This girl is the one whom we want for the part.
• The Bactrian camel, which has two humps, is
  native to central Asia.

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Indefinite Pronouns

• Refer to a person, place, thing or idea that is
  not specifically named.
• Everyone loves a good laugh.
• Many will enter, few will win.
• See page 442 for a complete list of indefinite
  pronouns.

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Lets Review Pronouns!

• What is the pronoun(s) in the following
  sentences
• 1.) I myself cooked that delicious dinner.
• 2.) He gave it to her.
• Identify each pronoun and antecedent in the
  following sentences
• 1.) I want you to study, Ms.Gaines said to the
  class.
• (pronounI,you)(AntecedentMs.Gaines,class)
• 2.) The children made lunch themselves.
• (pronounthemselves antecedent children)

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Adjective

• Definition a word used to modify a noun or a
  pronoun.
• Adjectives tell what kind, which one, how much,
  or how many.

What kind? Which one? How much? Or How many?
Tall woman Steep mountain Tired dog Exciting story Another one Last answer That dress This year Less time Many mistakes Several others More money
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Proper Adjectives

• Definition formed from a proper noun and begins
  with a capital letter.

Proper Noun Proper Adjective
Africa African nations
Shakespeare Shakespearean drama
China Chinese calendar
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Lets Review Adjectives!

• Identify the adjective and the noun or pronoun
  each modifies
• 1.) A woman, kind and helpful, gave us
  directions.
• (adjectiveskind, helpful nounwoman)
• 2.) After I turn the corner away from the busy
  avenue, I am on a quiet street.
• (adjectivesbusy, quiet nounavenue, street)
• 3.) This walk home always makes me feel tired but
  happy.
• (adjectivesthis,tired,happy nounwalk
  pronounme)

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Changing Parts of Speech

• Many words can be used as different parts of
  speech, either nouns, pronouns, or adjectives.
  You must learn how to tell the difference.
• Example
• I like school. (school is a noun)
• I dont like school uniforms. (school is an
  adjective)
• I wont put up with that. (that is a pronoun)
• I wont put up with that behavior. (that is an
  adj.)

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How to decide which POS it is?

• Step one Is it an adjective? Is it describing
  something by telling which one, what kind or how
  many about a noun/pronoun in the sentence?
• Step two Is it replacing a noun? If so, then it
  is a pronoun.
• Step three If no to step 1 and 2, then it is
  probably a nouna person, place, thing or idea.

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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?

• I see you are serving cookies. May I have one?
• I can count backwards from ten to one.
• We took our test after just one day of studying!

• Pronoun
• Noun
• Adjective

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Lets Review Once More.

• Names a person, place, thing or idea. Can be
  compound, collective, proper/common,
  concrete/abstract.
• Replaces one or more nouns. There are personal,
  reflexive, intensive, demonstrative,
  interrogative, relative and indefinite pronouns.
• Describes a noun or pronoun be telling WHICH ONE,
  WHAT KIND, or HOW MANY. There are also articles
  (a, an, the) and proper adjectives

• NOUN
• PRONOUN
• ADJECTIVE

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Verb

• Definition a word used to express action or a
  state of being.
• All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING

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Action Verbs

• Definition may express physical action or mental
  action.
• Examples
• Physical action - jump, shout, search, carry, run
• Mental action - worry, think, imagine, remember

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Find the Action Verbs

• I tried to call my mom, but the phone lines were
  busy.
• (tried, call)
• The scientist studied the ant colony.
• (studied)
• Mario knew the answer to every question on the
  test.
• (knew)

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Action Verbs Transitive and Intransitive

• Transitive Verbs express an action that is
  directed toward a person or thing (object)
• Intransitive Verbs express action without passing
  the action to a receiver. (no object)

• Joel held the baby.
• Loretta brought flowers.
• (objectsbaby, flowers)
• Samuel sang at the party.
• The twins played quietly.

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Is it Transitive or Intransitive?

• Janet swam ten laps.
• Janet swam well.
• The teacher read aloud.
• The teacher read a poem.
• The pilot flew the plane.
• The bird flew in the sky.
• Lets eat at 6 pm.
• We ate a delicious dinner.

• Transitive
• Intransitive
• Intransitive
• Transitive
• Transitive
• Intransitive
• Intransitive
• Transitive

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REMEMBER

• All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING.
• ACTION VERBS Can be TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE
• LINKING verbs are differentlets see what they
  do!

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Linking Verbs

• Definition links, or connects, the subject with
  a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the
  predicate.
• Examples
• The stars name is Cameron Diaz.
• The watermelon looks ripe.

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Commonly Used Linking Verbs

• Forms of BE
• is, am, are, was, were, be, being been
• Other common linking verbs
• appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem,
  smell, sound, stay, turn, taste

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Practice with Linking Verbs

• Marie Curie became a famous scientist.
• Troy is one of the finalists.
• Wild animals remain free on the animal reserves
  of Africa.
• The banana turned brown.
• This soups tastes disgusting!
• The courageous men were all firefighters.

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Is it Action or Linking?

• My sister grew an inch last year.
• We grew tired after all that shopping!
• Do you feel the wind on your face?
• I feel sorry about your loss.
• The roses smell quite fragrant!
• I smell something cooking.
• Please remain in your classrooms.
• The students remained calm during the fire drill.

• Action
• Linking
• Action
• Linking
• Linking
• Action
• Action
• Linking

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Rememberall verbs are

• ACTION VERBS or LINKING VERBS
• Join the subject
• Transitive or Intransitive to a noun,
• pronoun or adj
• in the predicate
• Has Object No object

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Verb Phrases

• A Verb Phrase consists of a main verb preceded by
  at least one helping verb.
• Seiji Ozawa will conduct many outstanding
  orchestras.
• He has been praised for his fine conducting.
• His recordings should be heard by anyone
  interested in classical music.
• He will be leading the orchestra tonight.

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Helping Verbs (cont. on next slide)
COMMONLY USED HELPING VERBS
AM ARE BE BEEN BEING IS WAS WERE DO DOES DID HAVE HAS HAD CAN MAY MUST SHOULD WOULD COULD MIGHT SHALL WILL
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Commonly Used Helping Verbs

• Forms of be
• am, are, be, being, was, were, are, been, is,
  were
• Forms of do
• do, does, did
• Forms of have
• have, has, had
• Other helping verbs can, could, may, might,
  must, shall, should, would, will

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Some tricks with verb phrases

• Some helping verbs can also be main verbs
• (Did he do his homework?)
• Sometimes (especially in questions), the main
  verb and the helping verbs are separated.
• (How much do you really know about the
  situation?)
• (Students have sometimes forgotten their
  notebooks.)
• (They will not believe you.)
• THE WORD NOT IS NEVER A HELPING VERB!!!!

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Practice with Verb Phrases

• People may someday communicate with dolphins.
• How much do you like the blue dress?
• Because of the fog, we could not see the road.
• He didnt understand the problem.
• They will ask him in the morning.
• Harry might look for a job tomorrow.
• The youngsters cant decide on a movie to watch.
• My mom wouldnt let me go to the store.

• May communicate
• Do like
• Could see
• Did understand
• Did ask
• Might look
• Can decide
• Would let

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Is it Action or Linking?

• We received a letter in the mail.
• The door was open after the storm.
• The man was crying after his daughter left.
• In the morning, we will be so tired.
• Do you feel anxious before a test?

• Receivedaction
• Waslinking
• Was cryingaction
• Will belinking
• Do feel--linking

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Lets Review Verbs!

• Find the verb(s) in the following sentences
• 1.) We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday.
• (celebrated)
• 2.) Mr. Lopez is baking bread.
• (is, baking)
• 3.) Many people in Africa can speak more than one
  language.
• (canhelping verbspeakverb)
• 4.) Kansas has been named the Sunflower State.
• (has, beenhelping verbs namedverb)

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Adverb

• Definition a word used to modify a verb, an
  adjective, or another adverb.
• Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent
  (how much or how long).
• Examples
• Where The forest fire started here.
• When The police arrived promptly.
• How The accident occurred suddenly.
• What Extent We should never deceive our
  friends.

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Adverbs that describe adjectives

• I have had a very hard day.
• I answered almost all the questions!
• The boys encountered especially difficult
  obstacles.
• Some students told unusually funny stories.
• You must find the adjective first and then see if
  another word is telling when, where, how or to
  what extent.

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Adverbs that describe other adverbs

• Elena finished the problem more quickly than I
  did.
• Our guest left quite abruptly.
• You answered the question so perfectly that I was
  quite completely amazed.
• First you must find the adverb and then see if
  another adverb is telling when, where, how or to
  what extent (usually to what extent)

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Practice with adverbs.

• Have you always known that you wanted to be a
  teacher?
• The man looked everywhere for his little dog.
• If you occasionally ask a question, you will
  understand better.
• My mother often sends me gifts in the mail.
• We were pleasantly surprised by the slightly warm
  weather.
• You read so well!

• Always (when)
• Everywhere (where)
• Occasionally (when)
• better (to what extent)
• Often (when)
• Pleasantly (how)
• slightly (to what extent)
• So (to what extent)
• well (how)

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Lets Review Adverbs!

• Find the adverb in the following sentences
• 1.) The sprinter ran swiftly.
• (swiftly)
• 2.) Put the apples there, and well eat them
  later.
• (there, later)
• 3.) I have always been a real music lover.
• (always)
• 4.) We often study together.
• (often)

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Lets review adverbs once more

• What do adverbs describe?
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Other adverbs
• What do adverbs tell?
• When
• Where
• How
• To what extent

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Preposition

• A preposition is a word used to show the
  relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another
  word in the sentence.
• A change in preposition can change the whole
  meaning of the sentence!

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Examples

• The package under the tree is mine.
• The package in the tree is mine.
• The package near the tree is mine.
• The package in front of the tree is mine.
• The package behind the tree is mine.

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Commonly Used Prepositions

• Aboard before
  in
  over
• About behind
  in addition to
  past
• Above below
  in front of
  since
• According to beneath
  inside
  through
• Across beside
  in spite of
  throughout
• After
  besides instead
  of to
• Against between
  into
  toward
• Along beyond
  like
  under
• Along with but
  near
  underneath
• Amid by
  next to
  until
• Among of
  unto
  down
• Around off
  up
  during
• Aside from on
  upon
  except
• As of on
  account of with
  for
• At out
  within
  from
• Because of out of
  without

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So many possibilities!

• Use a different preposition from the list to
  change the meaning of this sentence
• I wrote a letter ________ Tim.
• To, for, from, about, with, because of, like,
  after, in spite of

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Prepositional Phrase

• A preposition is usually followed by a noun or
  pronoun. The preposition, its object, and the
  modifiers of the object are called a
  prepositional phrase.
• Example
• The wagon train slowly traveled across the dusty
  prairie. the prepositional phrase consists of
  the preposition across, its object prairie, and
  two adjectives modifying the object the and
  dusty.

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Lets Review Prepositional Phrases!

• Find the prepositional phrase below
• 1.) It happened during the last examination.
• (during the last examination)
• 2.) The books in my backpack are heavy.
• (in my backpack)
• 3.) You can press those leaves under the glass.
• (under the glass)
• 4.) The car raced along the highway.
• (along the highway)

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Conjunction

• Definition a word used to join words or groups
  of words.
• Linda or Mark
• Small but comfortable

Coordinating Conjunctions
And but or nor for so yet
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Correlative Conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions do the same work as
  coordinating conjunctions, but they work in
  pairs.
• Bothand eitheror neithernor
• Whetheror not onlybut also

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Interjection

• Definition a word used to express emotion. It
  does not have a grammatical relation to other
  words in the sentence.
• Examples
• Oh! You surprised me.
• Wow! Am I tired!
• Well, I did my best.

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Heres a look at all eight.

• Noun
• person, place, thing, idea
• Pronoun
• replace one or more nouns or other pronouns
• Adjective
• describes nouns and pronouns
• which one, what kind, how many
• Verb
• expresses action or state of being
• all verbs are action or linking

• Adverb
• describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
• when, where, how, to what extent
• Preposition
• shows a relationship between an object and other
  words in the sentence.
• Always begin a prep phrase
• Conjunction
• joins words or groups of words
• Interjection
• expresses emotion