Unit One: Pre-Columbian America

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Unit One Pre-Columbian America

• The Change in European Culture

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Crusades

• During the Middle or Medieval ages in Europe,
  Europeans isolated themselves from the rest of
  the world.
• The Europeans cut off most trade with other parts
  of the outside world and only focused on their
  own small kingdoms.
• This isolation changed when Pope Urban II
  commissioned the Crusades (Holy Wars) to retake
  Jerusalem (Holy Land) from the Muslim Infidels.

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Crusades
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Crusades Effect on Europe

• While the Crusaders were in the Holy Land, they
  were introduced to new forms of clothing, food,
  religions, cultures, and etc.
• The greatest effect of the Crusades was a
  reintroduction of spices and other foods to
  Europe known as the Taste Revolution.
• The want for Asian spices and the wealth that
  came from selling them led many people to end
  their isolation and open trade routes back to the
  West.

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Black Plague

• Another major change in Europe came in the from
  of a massive plague (wide spread disease).
• The Black Plague (Death) came from Asia and
  spread across Europe killing almost 2/3rds of the
  population.
• The Plague caused people to question the Catholic
  Church (Pope), their station (place) in society,
  and led to a general change in European society
  sparking the Renaissance.

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Curse of God
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The Renaissance

• The Renaissance (rebirth in knowledge) led to
  political, religious, artistic, and cultural
  change in Europe.
• During the Renaissance Europes small kingdoms
  developed into modern Nation (a group of people
  with a similar ethnic group, language, or
  religion) States (an area of land with defined
  boarders) ran by Kings.
• A new political change developed with the
  courtier (educated men who ran the Kings
  affairs) developed in the Book of the Courtier by
  Balthazar Castiglione.

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How to Fund a War

• With the development of the modern nation/state
  also came the introduction of gunpowder to
  Europe.
• As the new nation/states with their modern
  armies with cannons and muskets began to fight
  each other, kings needed to find ways of funding
  their wars.
• The Kings borrowed money from the nobles and
  banks giving people more power in the government,
  but also led to some monarchs to start looking
  outward for new sources of funding to become less
  dependant on the people.

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Setting Sail

• Due to the search for new ways of funding war,
  trading profits, and the dangerous nature of
  overland trade routes, monarchs began to look to
  sea travel.
• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal opened a
  Nautical (Naval) academy to train young sailors
  how to efficiently use the Astrolabe, Compass,
  Caravel ship, and Charts (maps) for open sea
  voyages.
• Prince Henry wanted to find an all sea route to
  the Gold Coast of Africa and the Spice islands of
  the East Indies.

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Nautical Instruments
Caravel Ship
Astrolabe
1490 Chart (Map) of Africa and Europe
Compass
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Rounding Africa

• The Portuguese traveled along the West Coast of
  Africa mapping the coast and establishing way
  stations and colonies on their search for a sea
  route to the East.
• Bartholomeu Dias was the first European sailor to
  find the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in
  1488.
• Vasco de Gama used Diass route to make the first
  all sea voyage from Europe (Portugal) to Asia
  (India) between 1497 -1499.

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Economic Colonization

• Off the coast of Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
  (Portugal and Spain) is a group of Islands known
  as the Fortunate Isles (the Azores, Madeira, and
  Canary).
• The Portuguese found that after they subdued the
  native populations most notably the Guanches
  (Canary Islands), they could use them to grow
  cash crops (crops grown for the sole purpose to
  make money). The crop most grown was sugar.

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Spain

• Portugal was not the only nation searching for
  wealth and power on the Iberian Peninsula.
• The nation/state of Spain was created by
  combining the kingdoms of Ferdinand (Aragon) and
  Isabel (Castile) to complete the Reconquista (the
  reclaiming of the Iberian Peninsula from the
  Muslims).
• Automatically Spain and Portugal came into
  conflict with each other over the Fortunate Isles
  and the right to claim new lands for their
  respective nations.

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Treaty of Tordeillas

• After Columbuss discovery of the New World in
  1492 the two dominant Catholic nations came into
  conflict over the ability to explore, claim, and
  subjugate new territories.
• To answer the question Pope Alexander VI wrote
  the Treaty of Tordeillas signed by Spain and
  Portugal in 1494 that placed a line of
  demarcation at 60 W where Portugal received the
  right to explore, claim, and subjugate any lands
  East of the line and Spain any lands to the West.
  

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Justification of Enslavement

• As Spain conquered the new world it enslaved the
  Native people, and as Portugal had the right to
  Africa they became involved in the African slave
  trade but the question is how do Christians
  justify the enslavement of human beings?
• The first was the Great Chain of Being which was
  the belief that the worlds peoples were not
  equal, but rather a vertical chain (ladder) with
  the best at the top (Europeans) and lesser people
  as the chain went down.

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Justification of Enslavement

• The Great Chain of Being developed an idea of one
  race (group of people) being better than another
  for any reason known as racism.
• The reason Europeans were like this was because
  monarchs had made the people ethnocentric (only
  concerned with ones own race) to make them have
  a sense of loyalty, identity, and pride in the
  new nation/state known was nationalism.

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Justification of Enslavement

• Two separate ideas developed to subjugate
  (enslave) the Natives and Africans.
• The idea of a Just War ( a defensive war with the
  ability to use any force necessary and the right
  to enslave the people by God) was used against
  the Natives.
• The idea of the Curse of Ham in the Bible
  (Genesis 921-27) was used by the Catholic Popes
  stating that all Africans were decedents of Ham,
  so they were cursed by God (black skin) and able
  to be enslaved.

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The Renaissance to Reformation

• Another cultural change developed in Europe
  around the age of discovery known as the
  protestant reformation.
• Around 1440 Johannes Gutenberg invented the
  Printing Press making books cheaper and more
  accessible to people in general.
• Gutenberg printed how to books but mostly
  printed the bible in the peoples own language
  (vulgate) allowing them to read, interpret the
  bible, and question church teachings (dogma).
• The Gutenberg bibles in conjunction with new
  religious leaders led to the development of the
  Protestant Reformation.

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Protestant Reformation was a religious
  movement against the abuses of power and religion
  by the Catholic Church.
• The Protestant Reformation began
  around 1517 due to the efforts of a
  monk named Martin Luther.
• Martin Luther became angry at the Catholic Church
  for its selling of indulgences (a way to remove
  sin), simony (selling of church offices),
  plurality (holding more than one church
  position), and other actions seen as corrupt.
  

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The Protestant Reformation

• The defining moment of the Protestant
  Reformation was when Martin Luther nailed his
  Ninety Five Theses (list of complaints about the
  church) to the church door.
• Martin Luther eventually broke from the Catholic
  Church starting his own faith known as
  Lutheranism with the basic belief that salvation
  (belief in Jesus Christ) is the only way to be
  redeemed and go to heaven.

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The Protestant Reformation

• After Martin Luthers break from the Catholic
  Church many other groups started their own
  Protestant Sects (smaller parts of a larger
  group).
• John Calvin started the sect of
  Calvinism based on the idea of Predestination
  (people are chosen at birth whether they go to
  heaven or hell) with French followers of the
  faith being called Huguenots.

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Anabaptists were a sect who rejected outside
  government and believed in a person being
  baptized (lowered and raised in water) after
  confessing salvation to enter the church.
• Menno Simons was a large founder of the
  Anabaptists with his sect known as Mennonites.
• The King of England Henry VIII
  broke away from the Catholic
  Church starting the
  Anglican Church, so he could
  diverse his first wife for not
  producing a male heir.

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Catholic Church out of fear of the Protestant
  religions and the lose of laity (church members),
  they started the Counter Reformation to fix the
  problems of the Church.
• The Catholic Church deemed all people who were
  Protestants heretics (people who teach against
  dominant church beliefs) which led to conflict
  between Protestants and Catholics in Europe.

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The Wars of Religion

• In Europe the Wars of Religion developed causing
  the two dominant sects of Christianity Catholic
  and Protestant to kill one another.
• The Wars of Religion and a general intolerance of
  outside religions led many people to look outside
  of Europe for a safe haven (place of safety) to
  worship, which was the New World (America).