BOTANY

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BOTANY

• The Study of the plant kingdom

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Examples
Seedless Vascular
Nonvascular
Dicot
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
BOTANY
Monocot
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Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

• Are multicellular eukaryotes that are
  photosynthetic autotrophs
• Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll a
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plastids
• All undergo mitosis and nearly all have sexual
  reproduction

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Classification of Plants

• Kingdom - Plantae
• Division (-phyta)
• Class (-opsida)
• Subclass (-idae)
• Order (-ales)
• Family (-aceae)
• Genus
• Species (Genus specific epithet)

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Magnolia grandiflora

• Plantae--includes all plants
• Magnoliophyta--flowering plants
• Magnoliopsida--dicots
• Magnoliidae--subclass for Magnolia-like plants
• Magnoliales--order for Magnolia-like plants
• Magnoliaceae--family for Magnolia-like plants
• Magnolia--genus that includes all Magnolias
• grandiflora--specific epithet

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Angiosperms

• Flowering plants are the most widespread and
  diverse
• Classes include
• Monocotyledons (Monocots)
• Dicotyledons (Dicots)

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Differences between Monocots and Dicots

• Monocots
• flower parts in 3s
• one cotyledon
• scattered vascular bundles
• parallel veins in leaves
• Fiberous root
• Examples grass, lilies, orchids

• Dicots
• flower parts 4s 5s
• 2 cotyledons
• vascular bundles in rings
• netlike veins in leaves
• tap root
• Examples bean, spinach, rose

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Monocots vs Dicots

• Monocots
• flower parts in 3s

• Dicots
• flower parts 4s 5s

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Monocots vs Dicots

• Monocots
• one cotyledon

• Dicots
• 2 cotyledons

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Monocots vs Dicots

• Monocots
• scattered vascular bundles

• Dicots
• vascular bundles in rings

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Monocots vs Dicots

• Monocots
• parallel veins in leaves

• Dicots
• netlike veins in leaves

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Monocots vs Dicots

• Monocots
• fiberous roots

• Dicots
• tap root

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As Harriet turned the page, a screamescaped her
lips. There was Donaldhisstrange disappearance
no longer a mystery.
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Parts of flower
Flower is the reproductive structure of an
angiosperm
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Structure of a Flower

• 1.Pistilfemale reproductive structure
• Stigma sticky tip traps pollen
• Style slender tube transports pollen from
  stigma to ovary
• Ovary contains ovules ovary develops into fruit
  
• Ovule contains egg cell which develops into a
  seed when fertilized

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Structure of a Flower
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• Stamen male reproductive structure
• Filament thin stalk supports anther
• Anther knob-like structure produces pollen
• Pollen contains microscopic cells that become
  sperm cells

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 Structure of a Flower
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• Sepals encloses protects flower before it
  blooms
• Petals usually colorful scented attracts
  pollinators

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"And now we're going to play she-loves-me,
she-loves-me-not!
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Flower Pollination

• Occurs when a grain of pollen lands on the
  stigma.
• If the pollen is from the right kind of plant,
  and lands on the flower, the pollen grain will
  break open and its content produce a tube that
  grows down through the style into the ovule.

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Flower Pollination

• When the tube has finished growing , a sperm cell
  emerges from the tube and fertilizes the egg cell
  in the ovule.
• If everything goes right, pollination is followed
  by fertilization

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Flower Pollination

• During fertilization, the pollen grain breaks out
  of the hard cell wall.
• The fertilized egg and the ovule that surround it
  become ( develops into ) the seed

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Fruit

• Ripened ovary that protects dormant seeds and
  aids in their dispersal

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Fruit

• Fruit can be classified as being
• Fleshy What we think of as fruit.
• Dry Indehiscent Do not open at maturity
• Dry Dehiscent Open at maturity

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Berry

• The endocarp is liquid
• The exocarp is the skin
• The mesocarp is the meaty part you eat

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Berry
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Indian military has decided to use the
thumb-sized world's hottest chili to make tear
gas-like hand grenades to immobilize suspects
'Bhut jolokia' or 'ghost chili' pepper
It has more than 1,000,000 Scoville units, the
scientific measurement of a chili's spiciness.
Classic Tabasco sauce ranges from 2,500 to 5,000
Scoville units, while jalapeno peppers measure
anywhere from 2,500 to 8,000.
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Hesperidium

• The endocarp is liquid
• The exocarp is the skin
• The mesocarp is the white

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Hesperidium
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Drupe

• The endocarp is stony

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Drupe
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Pome
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Pepo

• The bumps on the outside of the cucumber are
  called lenticel and function in gas exchange

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Pepo
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Aggregate

• The green is the sepal
• The red is the receptacle
• The seeds are called achene

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Multiple

• The Husk on the outside are the sepals

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• Bob the Berry

• Larry the Pepo

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Dry Indehiscent(do not open at maturity)

• nut

• achene

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Dry Indehiscent(do not open at maturity)

• Samara maple

• caryopsis

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Dry Dehiscent(open at maturity)

• Sililque ex mustard

• Septacidal ex yucca

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Dry Dehiscent

• Follicle Ex Milkweed

• Legume ex Pea plant

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Dry Dehiscent

• Locucidal ex cotton

• Porocidal ex poppy

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Root System

• Functions
• Anchorage
• support
• Absorption
• translocation

• 2 Broad classifications
• Fiberous root
• Tap roots

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Roots

• fiberous root
• have numerous roots of near equal size growing
  in many directions(Monocots)

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Roots

• Tap roots
• has one clearly dominant root which grows
  straight down with smaller lateral roots
  branching off ( dicots)

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Monocot Root
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Dicot Root
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Dicot Root
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ROOT GROWTH

• Is concentrated near root tip
• Root tip contains 3 zones of cells
• Meristematic zone produces new cells by mitosis
• Zone of elongation cells elongate and push
  meristematic zone into soilwhy the roots grow in
  size
• Zone of maturation No cell growth

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ROOT GROWTH
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Stems

• Functions
• food storage
• support for leaves, flowers and fruit

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Modified stems

• Corm ex gladiolus

• Bulb ex onion

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Modified Stems

• Tuber ex irish potato

• Stolon ex grass
• Has horizontal stem lays flat on surface of ground

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Modified Stems

• rhizome ex johnson grass grows below surface of
  soil

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Modified Stems

• Tendril

• Cladodes

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Modified Stems

• Thorns

• Rose thorns are not thornsthey are just
  epidermal outgrowths

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Monocot Stem
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Dicot Stem
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Dicot Stem
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2 ways Plants grow

• 1. increase in length Primary growth
• 2. Increase in width secondary growth

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Leaves

• Photosynthetic part of plant
• Leaf venation can be Parallel, Netted (pinnately
  and palmately)
• Simple compound

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Plant life spans

• 1. Annuals live for 1 growing season and produce
  seeds
• 2. Biennuals produce only vegetative growth 1st
  season and viable sees before they die
• 3. Perennials live 3 or more years and produce
  viable seeds each year

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Leaf types simple and compound ( palmately and
pinnately)
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Leaf Structures
Leaf Cross-Section

Cuticle
Veins
Mesophyll
Stoma
(Opening)
2 GuardCells Surround each Stoma
Stoma- singular Stomata-plural
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BOTANY

• Zea mays leaf, x.s.
• Leaf vein

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Stomates and guard cells
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Stoma is a small hole
Its size is controlled by 2 guard cells
closed
open
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Stoma function is for gas exchange in the leaf
oxygen
Guard cell
Provided plant is photosynthesising
Carbon dioxide
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Xerophytic Leaf

• plant adapted to extremely dry environment
• has a thicker cuticle,
• fewer to no chloroplast
• reduced number of air spaces
• crypts with sunken stomata

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Transverse Section Through Leaf of Xerophytic
Plant
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Mesophytic leaf live in moderant environment
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Hydrophytic Plant very little vascular tissue
and . stomatesPlants that have
leaves submerged in water
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MONOCOT LEAF
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MONOCOT LEAF
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MONOCOT LEAF
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DICOT LEAF
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DICOT LEAF
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Types of Plant cells

• 1. Parencheyma cells
• function in synthesizing and storing organic
  products.
• 2. Collenchyma cells support young plant parts
  without restricting plant growth

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Types of Plant cells

• Schlerenchyma cells function in support
• 2 types 1. fibers 2. schlerids

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Types of Plant cells

• 4. Water conducting cells
• Xylem dead cellls that carry water and minerals
  ( 2 types tracheids and vessel elements)

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Types of Plant cells

• 4. Water conducting cells
• Phloem living cells that function in transport
  of organic material ( 2 types sieve tube,
  companion cells)

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Flow of water in plant

• 1. Water taken up by root hairs
• 2. cortex
• 3. endodermis
• 4. pericycle
• 5. root xylem
• 6. stem xylem

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Flow of water in plant

• 7. leaf xylem
• 8. leaf mesophyll
• 9. substomatal cavity
• 10. out through stomates