u. s. IMPERIALISM 1870-1920

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u. s. IMPERIALISM1870-1920

• Ch 19, Brinkley

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I. STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM

• There had been almost no expansion in the 20
  years after the Civil War, but after 1890 the
  U.S. began to look toward territories overseas.

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What is IMPERIALISM?

• The policy that was common among Western European
  countries in the late 1800s of conquering African
  and Asian nations. Many politicians in America
  supported American expansion after the Spanish
  American War and this led to American involvement
  in Cuba, the Philippines, and Latin America.

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Had the US been an imperialistic nation from the
very beginning?
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The New Manifest Destiny

• American
• Exceptionalism

• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United
  States was destined to expand across North
  America from sea to sea. It has also been used
  to justify other territorial acquisitions (Cuba,
  Philippines, Hawaii, Samoa, Puerto Rico) as well
  as the belief in an American "mission" to promote
  and defend democracy throughout the world.

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Reasons Americans supported overseas imperial
expansion in the 1890s

• 1. U. S. had experience in exerting colonial
  control over Native Americans. Some historians
  have suggested that the US has been imperialistic
  and expansionist since the colonial period
• 2. The closing of the frontier led to a fear that
  America might have not have enough natural
  resources (land, timber, oil, coal)

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• 3. The increasing importance of trade due to
  rapid industrialization
• Depression of 1893 led some
  businessmen to
• look overseas for markets for the
• 4. Some felt that overseas expansion might be an
  outlet for the frustrations of the Populists and
  labor movements.

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• 5. Americans were aware of imperialist fever in
  Europe. The major powers had divided up Africa
  and were now turning to Asia and China.
• Americans were afraid of being left
  behind and felt that nations with colonial
  holdings
• would gain the upper hand in military and
  economic power.

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Intellectual arguments for overseas expansion

• 6. Social Darwinism
• Survival of the fittest nations
• White Mans Burden
• Belief in the superiority of the
  Anglo-Saxon
• race
• 7. Some Americans felt sea power
• was very important to the future of the
• nation. Colonies would provide raw
  materials,
• markets, AND NAVAL BASES for a larger U.S.
• Navy.

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Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Importance of Sea
  Power Upon History, (1890).
• He said that countries with sea power were the
  great nations in history and the future of the
  U.S. depended on sea powera strong NAVY.

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U.S. begins to take action.

• 1. Latin America (1895)
• Border dispute between Venezuela and
• British Guiana (Britain) U.S.
  supported
• Venezuela, cited the Monroe
  Doctrine
• 2. Annexed Hawaii (1891)
• Queen Liliuokalani
• Pearl Harbor
• Sugar Production
• 3. Annexed Samoan Islands (1890s)
• Pago Pago

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1898 Annexation Ceremony in Hawaii
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Samoan Islands, c. 1900

• An important trade route and military base. The
  U.S. gained control of the harbor of Pago Pago.

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The Rock

• Dwayne The Rock Johnson is of Samoan descent.
• Famous pro wrester
• Tattoos covering the shoulder are of Samoan
  origin.

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Troy Polamalu
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http//www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-
spanish-american-war
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II. WAR WITH SPAIN

• 1898The war transformed Americas relationship
  to the rest of the world, and left the nation
  with a far-flung overseas empire.

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Yellow Journalism and the Spanish American War

• Joseph Pulitzer (Pulitzer Prize)

• William Randolph Hearst

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Spanish-American WarReasons the U.S. Declared
War

• 1. Sympathy for the Cuban rebels seeking
  independence from Spain
• 2. American press coverage of the conflict
  between Spain and her colony (Cuba) led to
  increased support for the Cuban rebels
• 3. Geography the desire for U.S. dominance in
  the western hemisphere
• 4. de Lome letter
• 5. The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. The U.S.
  blamed the Spanish.

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President William McKinley

• McKinley took a stronger stand against Spain and
  in 1898 the de Lome letter, stolen from the the
  Spanish ambassador in Washington, escalated
  tensions between the U.S. and Spain.

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The sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor
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Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Sec. of the Navy
and avid imperialist
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HOW IT WASNT
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Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba
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U.S. Forces Seized Control of the Philippines
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Spanish-American War A Splendid Little War

• The war was short and American troops suffered
  few casualties.
• Treaty of Paris with Spain, 1898
• 1.Cuba was granted independence
• 2. Spain ceded Guam, Puerto Rico and
• Philippines to the U.S.
  (20,000,000)
• 3. Theodore Roosevelt received national
  
• attention

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The Spanish American War and the U.S. Modern
Military System

• Elihu Root, Sec. of War, suggested changes in the
  system.
• INCREASED THE SIZE OF THE STANDING ARMY
• SET STANDARDS FOR THE NATIONAL GUARD
• SET UP OFFICER TRAINING SCHOOLS
• ORGANIZED THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF TO ACT AS
  MILITARY ADVISORS AND PLAN FOR WAR

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What were the Terms of Treaty of Paris? 1898

• Ended the Spanish-American War
• Cuba gained its independence
• Spain handed over Guam, and Puerto Rico,
  Philippines to the U.S. for 20 million

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Debate over the Annexation of the Philippines and
Imperialism

• Imperialists

• Anti-Imperialists

• T. Roosevelt
• Could not give it back
• Moral obligation
• Reinvigorate the nation
• Trade
• Ease of annexation

• Imperialism was immoral
• Went against American ideals of freedom
• Racism against Asians
• Labor feared competition

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What was the Philippine-American War?

• Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipino Rebels rebelled
  against American control
• PhilippineAmerican War
• --Americans fought Filipino rebels
• --lasted 3 years
• --200,000 Filipinos were killed, 4,000 U.S.
  soldiers died
• Philippines granted independence on July 4, 1946
  

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What was the Significance of the Spanish-American
War, 1898

• The war transformed Americas relationship to the
  rest of the world, and left the nation with a
  far-flung overseas empire.

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McKinley, war, yellow press, Maine, war ends,
assassination
http//www.history.com/videos/mckinley-faces-war-a
ssassination
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III. THE REPUBLIC AS EMPIRE

• The new American empire created many challenges.
  The U.S. became involved in the politics Europe
  and Asia as well as a brutal war in the
  Philippines.

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Puerto Rico and the U.S.

• Foraker Act (1900) gave U.S. the right to
  appoint Puerto Ricos governor.
• Insular Cases (1901) Supreme Court ruled the
  Constitution does not always apply to people in
  U.S. territories. Constitution does not follow
  the flag
• Congress granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans in
  1917

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Platt Amendment

• 1901

• After the Spanish-American War the U.S. passed
  the Platt Amendmentbarring Cuba from making
  treaties with other countries (U.S. has control
  over all Cuban foreign relations) and giving the
  U.S. the right to intervene in Cuba to maintain
  its independence and to protect property.
• The amendment also required Cuba to allow U.S.
  naval stations on the island.

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U.S Fleet at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (1927)
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• Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

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What is a Protectorate?

• Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba became a U.S.
  PROTECTORATE--a country whose affairs are
  partially controlled by a stronger power
• U.S. wanted to protect American property in Cuba
  sugar and tobacco farms, mining, railroads, and
  public utilities

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U.S. and China Open Door Notes (1899-1901)

• China was weakthe sick man of Asiaand U.S.
  was afraid stronger nations would cut them out of
  trade relations with China
• Open Door NotesJohn Hay of U.S. wrote letters
  to leaders around the world proposing the nations
  should share trading rights with China
• Question How important is U.S. trade with China
  today?

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Open Door Policy or Open Door Notes

• The issue U.S. trade with China
• Under President McKinley and Secretary of State
  John Hay, the Open Door Policy on trade with
  China would allow the U.S. to trade with China
  without risking military involvement.
• How important is trade with China today?

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What was the Boxer Rebellion in China? (1901)

• A group of Chinese rebels called BOXERS rose up
  to wipe out foreign devils.
• Boxers resented Christian missionaries and their
  converts
• Boxers seized foreign embassies in Beijing,
  killed over 200 foreigners and took hostage.
• Troops were sent in to put down the rebellion.
  100s died.
• Herbert Hoover (future president) and his wife
  were in China.

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Chinese Boxers

• Boxer Rebellion

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Boxer Rebellion, 1900 Imprisoned Boxers in
Beijing who days earlier had been involved in the
siege of the compound where Western diplomats
lived.
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Boxer Rebellion Firing Squad at the graves of
those who died in Peking
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http//www.history.com/videos/engineering-an-empir
e-the-boxer-uprising
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• America as a World Power

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Theodore Roosevelts Foreign Policy

• Speak softly and carry a big stick. The goal
  was to make nations think twice about fighting,
  thus promoting global peace

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Theodore Roosevelt and Big Stick Diplomacy

• Speak softly and carry a big stick. (A strong
  Navy and military)
• The goal was to make nations think twice about
  fighting, thus promoting global peace.
• Actions T. Roosevelt took
• Supported a stronger military
• Built the Panama Canal
• Issued the Roosevelt Corollary to
  the
• Monroe Doctrine

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The Worlds Constable
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What was the Great White Fleet?

• In 1907, Theodore Roosevelt sent 16 battleships
  of the U.S. Navy around the world to showcase the
  nations military might.
• Military might was the force behind Roosevelts
  Big Stick diplomacy.

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Great White Fleet, 1907-1909
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Map of Great White Fleets Voyage
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Welcoming the Greet White Fleet to New Zealand
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http//www.history.com/videos/roosevelts-big-stick
-foreign-policy
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Why did the US Build the Panama Canal?

• Theodore Roosevelt acquired the Panama Canal zone
  in 1903.
• He and others believed the construction of the
  canal was vital to American world power.
• The canal served both military and trade purposes
  by providing a shorter route from the Atlantic to
  the Pacific Ocean.
• U.S. gave control of the canal to Panama in 1999.
  

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http//www.history.com/videos/guts--bolts-panama-c
anal---locks
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What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine? 1904

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  Warned European nations that the U.S. would now
  use force to protect its interests in Latin
  America (Western Hemisphere)

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Describe U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America
from 1910-1920

• 1910-1920 the U.S. intervened in Latin America
  several times
• 1. Sent troops to put down rebellion in Nicaragua
• 2. Sent Marines to Veracruz, Mexico
• 3. U.S. forces under John Pershing entered Mexico
  to try to capture Poncho Villa

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Territories held by the U.S. today.
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SO WHAT.THE BIG QUESTIONS

• 1. What kind of nation are we? What kind of
  nation do we want to be?
• 2. Is imperialism and expansion ALWAYS wrong?
• 3. Critics of US world power describe American
  dominance as arrogant chauvinismwhat about the
  spread of communism or radical Islam? What about
  countries who embrace and adopt Am culture on
  their own? How is the US to react when countries
  ask for support?
• 4. What is the relationship of America to the
  rest of the world? How has it changed?
• 5. Should the US or any nation dominate other
  people against their will?
•  
•  

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What kind of nation are we?
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Critics of U.S. world power.