Chapter Menu

1
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 What are
Protists? Lesson 2 What are Fungi? Chapter
Wrap-Up
2
Chapter Introduction
What are protists and fungi, and how do they
affect an environment?
3
Chapter Introduction

• What do you think?

Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree
with each of these statements. As you view this
presentation, see if you change your mind about
any of the statements.
4
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Protists are grouped together because they all
  look similar.
• 2. Some protists cause harm to other organisms.
• 3. Many protists make their own food.

5
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 4. Mushrooms and yeasts are two types of fungi.
• 5. Fungi are always helpful to plants.
• 6. Some fungi can be made into foods or medicines.

6
Lesson 1 Reading Guide
What are Protists?

• What are the different types of protists and how
  do they compare?
• How are protists beneficial?

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Lesson 1 Reading Guide - vocab
What are Protists?

• protist
• algae
• diatom
• protozoan

• cilia
• paramecium
• amoeba
• pseudopod

8
Lesson 1
What are Protists?

• A protist is a member of a group of eukaryotic
  organisms which have a membrane-bound nucleus.
• Protists share characteristics with plants,
  animals, and fungi but are not classified as any
  of these groups.

9
Lesson 1
What are Protists? (cont.)

• Most protists reproduce asexually, though some
  reproduce sexually.
• Scientists classify protists as plantlike,
  animal-like, or funguslike based on which group
  they most resemble.

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Lesson 1
11
Lesson 1
What are Protists? (cont.)
What are the different types of protists?
12
Lesson 1
Plantlike Protists
A type of microscopic plantlike protist with a
hard outer wall is a diatom.
diatom from Greek diatomos, means cut in two
13
Lesson 1
Plantlike Protists (cont.)

• Dinoflagellates are unicellular plantlike
  protists that use flagella to move.
• A euglenoid is a unicellular plantlike protist
  with rigid cell coat called a pellicle and a
  flagellum at one end of its body.
• Algae are a photosynthetic plantlike protist that
  can be either multicellular or unicellular.

14
Lesson 1
The Importance of Algae

• Algae provide food for animals and animal-like
  protists and provide shelter for many aquatic
  organisms.

ImagesStories/Alamy
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Lesson 1
The Importance of Algae (cont.)

• Algae can help remove pollution from the water.
• Pollution can be a food source for algae,
  allowing the population of algae to increase
  quickly.

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Lesson 1
The Importance of Algae (cont.)
How are algae beneficial to an ecosystem?
17
Lesson 1
Animal-like Protists

• Protozoans are protists that resemble tiny
  animals.
• Protozoans do not have chloroplasts or make their
  own food.
• Protozoans are unicellular and mostly live in wet
  environments.

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Lesson 1
Animal-like Protists (cont.)

• Cilia are short, hairlike structures that grow on
  the surface of some protists.
• Protists with cilia are called ciliates.
• Cilia cover the surface of the cell and move a
  protist through water.
• Ciliates reproduce asexually, but they can
  exchange some genetic material through a process
  called conjugation.

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Lesson 1
Animal-like Protists (cont.)

• A paramecium is a protist with cilia and two
  types of nuclei.
• A paramecium gets its food by forcing water into
  a groove in its side.

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Lesson 1
Animal-like Protists (cont.)

• A flagellate is a type of protozoan with one or
  more flagella.
• Flagellates eat decaying matter.
• Sarcodines are animal-like protists with no
  specific shape.
• An amoeba is one common sarcodine with an unusual
  adaptation for movement and getting nutrients.

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Lesson 1
Animal-like Protists (cont.)

• An amoeba moves and obtains nutrients by using a
  temporary foot, called a pseudopod, which forms
  as the organism pushes part of its body outward.
• Many protozoans are beneficial to an environment
  because they break down dead plant and animal
  matter.

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Lesson 1

• Some protozoans can cause disease, like malaria,
  by acting as parasites.

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Lesson 1
The Importance of Protozoans
In what ways are protists helpful and harmful to
humans?
24
Lesson 1
Funguslike Protists

• Funguslike protists share many characteristics
  with fungi.
• Slime molds are funguslike protists composed of
  cell material and nuclei floating in a slimy
  mass.
• Most slime molds absorb nutrients from other
  organic matter in their environment.

25
Lesson 1
Funguslike Protists (cont.)

• A water mold is a funguslike protist that lives
  as a parasite or feeds on dead organisms.
• Slime molds and water molds usually reproduce
  sexually when environmental conditions are harsh
  or unfavorable.

26
Lesson 1
Importance of Funguslike Protists

• Funguslike protists play a valuable role in the
  ecosystem by breaking down dead plant and animal
  matter, making nutrients available for living
  organisms.
• Many funguslike protists attack and consume
  living plants.

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Lesson 1
Importance of Funguslike Protists (cont.)
How are funguslike protists beneficial to an
environment?
28
Lesson 1

• Protists are a diverse group of organisms that
  cannot be classified as plants, animals, or
  fungi.
• Protists are grouped according to the type of
  organisms they most resemble. Diatoms are one
  type of plantlike protist.

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Lesson 1

• Some protists use hairlike structures called
  cilia to move.

30
Lesson 1
What is a type of protozoan with one or more
flagella called?
A. ciliate B. protozoan C. flagellate D. parameciu
m
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Lesson 1
An amoeba is a common form of which type of
protist?
A. sarcodine B. pseudopod C. flagellate D. protozo
an
32
Lesson 1
What is a protist with cilia and two types of
nuclei called?
A. paramecium B. protozoan C. sarcodine D. pseudop
od
33
Lesson 1
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Protists are grouped together because they all
  look similar.
• 2. Some protists cause harm to other organisms.
• 3. Many protists make their own food.

34
Lesson 2 Reading Guide
What are Fungi?

• What are the different types of fungi and how do
  they compare?
• Why are fungi important?
• What are lichens?

35
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - vocab
What are Fungi?

• hyphae
• mycelium
• basidium
• ascus

• zygosporangia
• mycorrhizae
• lichen

36
Lesson 2
What are Fungi?

• Fungi are eukaryotes that form long, threadlike
  structures called hyphae which absorb minerals
  and water.
• Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they cannot make
  their own food.

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Lesson 2

• Hyphae create a network of large tangles called
  the mycelium.

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Lesson 2
Types of Fungi

• Scientists group fungi based on how they look and
  how they reproduce.
• Almost all fungi reproduce asexually by producing
  spores which are small reproductive cells with a
  strong, protective outer covering.
• Scientist recognize four groups of fungi club
  fungi, sac fungi, zygote fungi, and imperfect
  fungi.

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Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)
What are the four groups of fungi?
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Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)
Mushrooms belong to the group called club fungi.
mushroom Science Use a type of club fungi Common
Use the part of a fungus above the ground
41
Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)

• The part of the mushroom that grows above ground
  is a structure called a basidiocarp.
• The basidia are the reproductive structures
  inside the basidiocarp that produce sexual spores.

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Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)

• Many sac fungi cause diseases in plants and
  animals while others are harvested by people for
  food.
• The ascus is the reproductive structure where
  spores develop on sac fungi.
• Many yeasts are sac fungi, including the common
  yeast used to make bread.

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Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)

• Zygote fungus can cause bread to develop mold.
• The hyphae of a zygote fungus grow over
  materials, such as bread, dissolving the material
  and absorbing nutrients.
• Tiny stalks called zygosporangia form when the
  fungus undergoes sexual reproduction and release
  spores called zygospores.

44
Lesson 2
Some fungi can be used to make food, but other
fungi can eat the food too.
Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source
Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source
Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source
45
Lesson 2
Types of Fungi (cont.)
Imperfect fungi are named because scientists have
not observed a sexual, or perfect, reproductive
stage in their life cycle.
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Lesson 2

• Many fungi and plants grow together, helping each
  other.
• Products such as bread, cheese, and medicines are
  made using fungi.

47
Lesson 2
The Importance of Fungi (cont.)

• The roots of the plants and the hyphae of the
  fungi weave together to form a structure called
  mycorrhiza.
• As fungi break down decaying matter in the soil,
  they make nutrients available to the plant and
  increase water absorption.
• Fungi use plant sugars to continue to grow.

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Lesson 2
The Importance of Fungi (cont.)

• Scientists use some fungi to make important
  medicines like penicillin.
• As new species of fungi are discovered and
  studied, scientists might find new sources of
  antibiotics and medicines.

49
Lesson 2
The Importance of Fungi (cont.)
Describe two ways that fungi are important to
humans.
50
Lesson 2
What are Lichens? (cont.)

• A lichen is a structure formed when fungi and
  certain other photosynthetic organisms grow
  together.
• Usually, a lichen consists of a sac fungus or
  club fungus that lives in a partnership with
  either a green alga or a photosynthetic bacterium.

51
Lesson 2
What are Lichens?
lichen from Greek leichen, means what eats
around itself
52
Lesson 2
What are Lichens? (cont.)

• Green algae and photosynthetic bacteria are
  autotrophs, which means they can make their own
  food using photosynthesis.
• The fungus provides water and minerals, while the
  bacterium or alga provides sugars and oxygen from
  photosynthesis.

53
Lesson 2

• Plants and animals benefit from lichens because
  the fungi help break down rocks and create soil
  where plants can grow, creating a food source for
  other organisms.

Photodisc Collection/Getty Images
54
Lesson 2
What are Lichens? (cont.)
Which two organisms make up a lichen?
55
Lesson 2

• The body of a fungus is made up of threadlike
  hyphae that weave together to create a network of
  mycelium.

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Lesson 2

• Club fungi produce sexual spores in the basidium.

57
Lesson 2

• A lichen is made of fungus and photosynthetic
  bacterium or alga.

Photodisc Collection/Getty Images
58
Lesson 2
Mushrooms are an example of what type of fungi?
A. sac B. zygote C. club D. imperfect
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Lesson 2
What is the term for the tiny stalks formed form
when fungus undergoes sexual reproduction?
A. spores B. ascus C. zygosporangia D. flagellates
60
Lesson 2
What reproductive structures produce the sexual
spores of club fungi?
A. ascus B. basidia C. zygosporangia D. mycorrhiza
61
Lesson 2
Do you agree or disagree?

• 4. Mushrooms and yeasts are two types of fungi.
• 5. Fungi are always helpful to plants.
• 6. Some fungi can be made into foods or medicines.

62
Chapter Review Menu
Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept
Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
63
The BIG Idea

• Protists and fungi are diverse groups of
  organisms. Both may infect the human body. They
  are classified as neither plant nor animal and
  serve many functions in the ecosystem.

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Key Concepts 1
Lesson 1 What are Protists?

• Scientists divide protists into three groups
  based on the type of organisms they most
  resemble. There are plantlike, animal-like, and
  funguslike protists.
• Protists are beneficial to humans in many ways.
  They are used to create many of the useful
  products you depend on. They also help decompose
  dead organisms and return nutrients to the
  environment.

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Key Concepts 2
Lesson 2 What are Fungi?

• Scientists divide fungi into four groups, based
  on the type of structures they use for sexual
  reproduction. The four groups are club fungi, sac
  fungi, zygote fungi, and imperfect fungi.
• Fungi provide many foods and medicines that
  people use. In addition, fungi help break down
  dead organisms and recycle the nutrients into
  the environment.

Photodisc Collection/Getty Images
66
Chapter Review - MC
Which is a unicellular plantlike protist with a
flagellum at one end of its body?
A. pellicle B. dinoflagellate C. euglenoid D. cili
a
67
Chapter Review - MC
What are the short, hairlike structures that grow
on the surface of some protists?
A. nuclei B. cilia C. amoebas D. pseudopods
68
Chapter Review - MC
What are the structures on fungi which absorb
minerals and water?
A. mushrooms B. basidia C. hyphae D. ascus
69
Chapter Review - MC
Which type of fungus causes bread to mold?
A. sac B. club C. ascus D. zygosporangia
70
Chapter Review - MC
Which of these structures forms when fungi and
certain other photosynthetic organisms grow
together?
A. mycorrhiza B. basidia C. lichen D. mycelium
71
Chapter Review - MC
Which of these is a eukaryotic organism and has a
membrane-bound nucleus?
A. ascus C. diatom B. fungus D. protist
72
Chapter Review - MC
Which of these enables a dinoflagellates
movement?
A. euglenoid B. flagella C. spore D. diatom
73
Chapter Review - MC
Protozoans are described as resembling which of
these?
A. microscopic plants B. tiny animals C. algae D.
euglenoids
74
Chapter Review - MC
The roots of plants and the hyphae of fungi weave
together to form which of these?
A. mycorrhizae B. bacteria C. zygosporangia D. spo
res
75
Chapter Review - MC
What is the name for the reproductive structure
of sac fungi?
A. flagellate B. club C. basidia D. ascus