Great Soul (ppt)

1
GANDHI
Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi

• 1869 - 1948
• Born in India
• A Hindu
• Civil Rights Leader
• Practiced Ahimsa (non-violent resistance)
• Led India to independence from Britain

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Gandhi Quotes
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• An for an
• makes the whole world blind.
• Mohandas Gandhi

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Violence

• 'I object to violence because when it appears to
  do good, the good is only temporary the evil is
  permanent.'

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Brief Summary on Gandhi
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Gandhis Principles

• His beliefs were a blend of Hindu and Christian
  beliefs
• Non-violent resistance to end injustice
• Satyagraha truth force convert the wrongdoer
• Inspiration
• Hindu nonviolence, respect for all life
• Christianity love ones enemies

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GANDHI

• Mohandas Gandhi, often called the Mahatma or
  Great Soul was born in India on October 2,
  1869.
• He and his followers threw the King of England
  and his great armies out of India without using
  weapons of any kind - unless you call a cotton
  spinning wheel a weapon!
• Let me quickly tell you part of his story.

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Early Life of Gandhi
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• Once upon a time England, the country that once
  ruled over our United States, also ruled over
  India.
• For over 200 years it ruled over India until
  this tiny man, who lived a poor and simple life,
  changed all that. He had been a lawyer in South
  Africa.
• Here he is dressed in a fancy suit, sitting
  outside his law office.
• But when he experienced how badly the white
  South Africans were treating people of color,
  Indians like himself and black Africans, he
  decided to do something about it.

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1869
Mohandas Gandhi was born in Porbandar, India. He
was the youngest child of the Prime Minister of
Porbandar.
11

• Mohandas Gandhi was born in the state of
  Gujarat, India in 1869.

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Early Life/Background Info

• Born in Porbandar, India
• Born on October 2, 1869
• Father was Diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbander
• Porbander was a small state in the Kathiawar
  Agency of British India

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Early Life/Background Continued

• Mother was Putlibai
• Grew up with the Jain traditions
• Jainism is an ancient religion of India
• Traditions were vegetarianism, religious
  tolerance, fasting, and compassion

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Social Position

• Gandhi was born into the second highest caste in
  Hindu society the Ruler-Warrior Caste.

Modern Porbandar, India
15
1876 At age seven Gandhi began to become aware of
the faults and unfairness of the Indian Caste
System.
Gandhi, age 13.
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Life As a Teenager

• Married Kasturbai Makhanji at 13 years old
• This was an arranged child marriage
• Had 4 sons with Kasturbai Makhanji

17

• At the age of thirteen Mohandas was married to
  Kasturba.
• The marriage had been arranged for him by his
  family.
• They had four sons.

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1883
Gandhi married Kasturbai Makanji through his
parents' arrangements (both age 13). They had 4
sons. Picture to the left was taken in 1915.
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Education

• Average student in school
• Went to England in 1888 to study law at
  University of London
• Also learned to become a barrister
• Barristers are special kinds of lawyers that have
  more direct contact with clients

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1888 At the age of 19, Gandhi moved to London,
England to study law.
21

• When he was 18, Gandhi came to London to train as
  a barrister.
• He tried behaving like an Englishman and took up
  ballroom dancing.
• We know that he took a dislike to his landladys
  boiled cabbage!
• In these days he got stage fright when speaking
  in court.

22
1891 Gandhi returned to India to practice law.
23

• He returned to India in 1891, then accepted a
  job at an Indian law firm in South Africa.

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Gandhi in South Africa
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1893
Gandhi sails to Durban, South Africa to start a
law firm.
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Journey to South Africa

• Traveled to South Africa in 1893
• Treated very unfairly by European people
• Thrown off train and beaten by driver
• Gandhi began to question Indian status in the
  British Empire

27

• His experience of racism in South Africa proved
  to be a turning point in his life.
• He was refused admission to hotels, beaten up
  when he refused to give up his seat to a white
  man on a stage coach ..
• and thrown off a train when he refused to move
  to a third class compartment, after he had paid
  for a first class ticket.

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1896
While in South Africa, Gandhi was thrown off a
train and beaten by white South Africans for
travelling in the first class section. This began
his campaign of passive resistance to protest
the mistreatment of colored people by white
Europeans.
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On Your Left Side Answer ONE of the following
prompts---

• If you were Gandhi, what would you have done
  after being thrown off the South African train?
  Why?

• Have you ever had an experience similar to
  Gandhis on the South African train?
• How did you feel? Why?
• How did you respond? Why?

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1896-1914
Gandhi outside the prison with fellow non-violent
resisters in South Africa in 1908.
From 1896 to 1914, Gandhi lead a number of
non-violent protests, fighting for improvements
in the treatment of minority Indians in South
Africa. He was imprisoned a number of times, but
did succeed in getting the British government to
repeal some discriminatory laws.
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• He led huge non-violent protests to change the
  laws so that people working for the railroads
  would be treated more fairly. He started dressing
  in plain, white clothing that wrapped around his
  body, like the common people and he began to live
  very simply. After he had helped some of the
  people in South Africa get better treatment, he
  returned to India.

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Policeman confronting Gandhi , 1913.
Newspaper published by Gandhi, 1913.
Gandhi in prison clothes.
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South Africa Continued

• Stayed in Africa longer to assist Indians in
  opposing a bill that did not let them vote
• Helped found Natal Indian Congress in 1894
• This was a political force

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Birth of Satyagraha Civil Disobedience in India
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September 11, 1906

• Birth of Satyagraha at Jewish Empire Theatre in
  Transvaal, South Africa.
• Indians present take oath to resist pass laws.
• First called passive resistance.

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Civil Disobedience

• Refusal to obey a law on the grounds that it is
  immoral or unjust in itself, or furthers
  injustice. Disobedience within a framework of
  obedience to law.
• Appeals to the majoritys sense of justice, in
  order to get them to reconsider and change public
  policy.
• Goal to put the issue on the publics agenda, to
  call attention to an unjust law. Disobedience
  must be open and public.

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• Over the next seven years Gandhi led a
  non-violent campaign of resistance to laws which
  were unfair to coloured people.
• During this time thousands of Indians, including
  Gandhi, were flogged or jailed, and many were
  shot for striking or burning their registration
  cards.

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• Eventually the government was forced to seek a
  compromise with Gandhi, and when he left South
  Africa, conditions for Indian people had greatly
  improved.

39

• When he was about to return to India, he heard
  that a law was going to be passed to prevent
  Indian people from voting.
• He decided to draw attention to this injustice
  and became an activist.

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1915 Gandhi returns to India at age 45. He
receives a heros welcome, and continues his
non-violent protests against the mistreatment and
discrimination of Indians.
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Appealing to all Indians Returned to India 1915

• Gandhi won the support of all groups by stressing
  Indias heritage
• Examples
• Gave up Western ways
• Spun his own cotton, wore simple white clothing
• Vegetarianism
• Wanted to reform caste system (untouchables)
• Included Muslims

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On your Left Side

• What does Gandhi mean by this quote?
• Referring back to what we have learned in this
  unit, give two examples that support his view.

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Ashram/Khedi

• Helping the Poorest People in India

44

• In 1915, back in India, Gandhi set up an
  ashram - a self-sufficient community, where he
  ate a simple diet, and lived like the poorest
  villagers.

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Kheda

• Gandhi began to clean up villages in Khedi
• Villages were dirty and full of crime and
  alcoholism
• Built schools and hospitals and encouraged people
  to work together to stop conflicts and crimes

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Kheda Continued

• Arrested by police on charges of creating unrest
• People protested outside jail until Gandhis
  release
• Led protests against landlords until they signed
  an agreement
• It granted farmers more control over their
  farming and cancelled collections until they were
  more wealthy
• Gandhi named Father of the nation

47

• At this time Indian villagers were poorly paid,
  and many were dying of famine.
• In 1918 Gandhi began a campaign to get them to
  stand up for themselves against the British who
  were ruling India.

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Role of World War One
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Role in World War I

• Invited by Viceroy to War Conference in Delhi in
  1918
• Invited to show support to Empire and to recruit
  Indians for war
• Attempted to recruit combatants
• Appeal for Enlistment in 1918
• Gandhi told Viceroys secretary that he will not
  hurt anybody

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Actions Reactions- Response to Rowlett Act -
1919 Hartal

• The First World War saw hundreds of thousands of
  Indians fight for Britain.
• In return for this service Indians hoped for a
  greater say in running their own affairs.
• This was not to be. Britain actually increased
  the restrictions in 1919.

• Gandhi felt betrayed by Britain's action.
• He called a general strike - throughout India for
  one day.
• On the day, 300 million people brought India to a
  standstill by praying and fasting.
• Against Gandhi's wishes, violence broke out in
  some areas.

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Role in World War I Continued

• To bring about such a state of things we should
  have the ability to defend ourselves, that is,
  the ability to bear arms and to use themIf we
  want to learn the use of arms with the greatest
  possible dispatch, it is our duty to enlist
  ourselves in the army. (Gandhi Appeal for
  Enlistment)

• On your Left Side Why is Gandhi fighting for
  these rights? Since he is a pacifist and
  against violence, why is this issue so important?
  Explain.

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• Nevertheless, in 1919 ten thousand unarmed
  people attended a protest meeting in Amritsar.
• Without warning, British soldiers fired on the
  crowd, killing nearly 400 people, and wounding
  over one thousand.
• People were very shocked by this atrocity, and
  many more joined Gandhis campaign.

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Push for Home Rule by Gandhi through Boycott of
British Textiles
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1920 Gandhi became President of the All-India
Home Rule League (AIHRL), which worked towards
independence from the British Empire. Soon the
AIHRL begins to boycott British-made cloth,
spinning their own cloth instead.
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The British would have cotton grown in India,
then have it picked by Indians, put on ships,
shipped to England, where it would be spun into
thread, woven into cloth, shipped back to India
and sold to the Indian people for a higher price.
In fact, Britain had laws that forced the Indians
to buy only this cloth.
Gandhi thought Why should we have to buy back
our own cotton cloth? Lets spin it ourselves!
So he learned how to spin and weave cotton into
cloth. He and his followers taught this old
fashioned way of spinning and weaving to
thousands of others.
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• He spun his own yarn and made his own cloth. He
  encouraged others to do the same, instead of
  buying imported British material.

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This made big news all over the world. People
around the world soon began to think that this
wasnt fair either. Even the workers in the cloth
factories back in England thought this was not
fair. These were the people whose jobs were being
lost because of Gandhi and his supporters making
their own cloth. Finally the laws about the cloth
were changed and Indians were permitted by the
British to make their own cloth.
58

• However, Gandhi said
• There are many causes that I am prepared to die
  for, but no causes that I am prepared to kill
  for.
• He developed a new non-violent way to make things
  right, by getting lots of people to disobey
  unfair laws, and to be uncooperative with rulers
  who were treating them badly.

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How Gandhi Used Civil Disobedience to Resist the
British
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Resistance Against Britain

• Used non-cooperation and non-violence against
  Britain
• Spoke about how violence was evil and was not the
  solution to anything
• Sought to complete self government and control
  Indian government institutions
• Turned into Swaraj, or individual and spiritual
  political independence

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Resistance Against Britain

• Urged Indians to wear khadi instead of British
  clothes
• Urged people to boycott education and law
• Also urged people to forsake British titles and
  honors
• These ideas achieved widespread success and
  increased peoples will to resist

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Soon the British werent making money off the
Indians buying their cloth anymore. The English
said they had to buy the English cloth. But
Gandhi and his followers refused. Gandhi and
hundreds of others were thrown in jail. He would
be let out of jail but he would keep spinning and
weaving and keep breaking the law and get thrown
in jail again and again.
63

• Soon the English couldnt make money off the
  Indians buying their cloth anymore. The English
  said they had to buy the English cloth. But
  Gandhi and his followers refused. Gandhi and
  hundreds of others were thrown in jail.
• He would be let out of jail but he would keep
  spinning and weaving and keep breaking the law
  and get thrown in jail again and again.

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• This made big news all over the world. People
  around the world soon began to think that this
  wasnt fair either. Even the workers in the cloth
  factories back in England thought this was not
  fair. These were the people whose jobs were being
  lost because of Gandhi and his supporters making
  their own cloth. Finally the laws about the cloth
  were changed and Indians were allowed by the
  English to make their own cloth.

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On your Left Side Answer ONE of the prompts---

• In response to Gandhis Kheda work, why was this
  work so important to the development of his
  career as an Indian nationalist leader? Explain.

• There are many causes that I am prepared to die
  for, but no causes that I am prepared to kill
  for.
• Do you personally agree with this stance? Why or
  why not? Give examples of situations to support
  your answer.

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Satyagraha
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Roots of the Idea

• Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
• Led Indias struggle for independence against the
  British from 1915 to his death in 1948.
• Advocated non-violent direct action which he
  called Satyagraha, meaning clinging to the
  truth.
• Non-violence a core attribute, not just a tactic
• Courage, discipline strength essential
• Recognizes the unity of all living things

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On your Left Side

• As we examine Gandhis concept of Satyagraha,
  create a word map or web on the left side that
  helps to break down the definition of the concept
  and explores examples of it.

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Gandhis Satyagraha

• Civil disobedience is an inherent right of a
  citizen and is never followed by anarchy, unlike
  criminal disobedience, which must be put down by
  a state using force.
• The follower of Satyagraha obeys the laws of
  society intelligently and of his own free will,
  because he considers it to be his sacred duty to
  do so.
• Only then is he or she able to judge what laws
  are just and unjust, and resist the unjust laws
  in well-defined circumstances.

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Gandhis Satyagraha

• On your Left Side
• What is the point Gandhi is making with that
  quote?
• Explain.

• The difference between criminals and the civil
  disobedient
• The lawbreaker breaks the law surreptitiously
  and tries to avoid the penalty. The civil
  resister ever obeys the laws of the State to
  which he belongs, not out of fear ... but because
  he considers them to be good for the welfare of
  society. But there come occasions, generally
  rare, when he considers certain laws to be so
  unjust as to render obedience to them a dishonor.
  He then openly and civilly breaks them and
  quietly suffers the penalty for their breach.

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My true test of non-violence will come when Im
shot by an assassin, and I am able to die without
holding any malice toward my assassin. Mahatma
Gandhi
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On your Left Side

• What does Gandhi mean by this quote?
• Do you agree or disagree with his view? Why or
  why not?

73

• He and others believed India should have its
  freedom and get rid of the English rulers and
  their army.
• So he taught his people to fight back at the
  English - but not with guns or other weapons. He
  didnt want to hurt or kill anyone.
• One way he taught his Indian friends to go 4
  against the English was by making their own cloth
  instead of buying cloth from the English.
• You see the English would have cotton grown in
  India, then they would have it picked by Indians,
  put on ships, ship it to England where it would
  be spun into thread, woven into cloth, shipped
  back to India and sold to the Indian people for a
  higher price. In fact, the English had laws that
  forced the Indians to buy only this cloth.
• Gandhi said, NO WAY, that is not fair!! Why
  should we have to buy back our own cotton cloth?!
  Lets spin it ourselves!
• So he learned how to spin cotton thread on a
  spinning wheel - like in this picture - and weave
  it into cloth.
• He and his followers taught this old fashioned
  way of spinning and weaving to thousands and
  thousands of other Indians.

74
On your Left Side

• Come up with a protest slogan for the actions
  Gandhi had been taking against the British to
  help the Indian people become self-sufficient.

75

• It was at this time that Gandhi became known as
  Mahatma,
• which means Great Soul.

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Gandhis Resistance to British Rule Continues
77
Gandhi Jailed For Sedition/Treason

• Gandhi called off campaign in 1922 out of fear of
  violence erupting
• Gandhi was arrested on March 10, 1922 and tried
  for sedition
• Sentenced to six years in jail
• Released for an appendicitis operation after 2
  years

78

• The British became
• worried about
• keeping control.
• Soldiers were
• ordered to prevent
• people from
• gathering together
• for meetings.

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On your Left Side

• If you were the British governor in charge of
  India, how would you have responded to Gandhis
  actions?
• Why? Explain your reasoning.

80

• Meanwhile the British rulers continued to
  collect heavy taxes from the people, which kept
  them in poverty.

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1925-1928
During this period of time Gandhi traveled
throughout India giving speeches on social
reform.
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The Salt Tax and The Salt March
83
1930 Next he protested against the English Salt
Tax. Gandhi and many followers march to the coast
of Dandi. There he picked up a lump of salt,
which was strictly forbidden by the Government.
Even though Gandhi's actions were non-violent,
the British government reacted violently. Many
people were beaten, killed or sent to jail.
84

• Next he protested against the English Salt Tax.
• Here he leads his fellow freedom fighters on a
  march to the sea to make their own salt from sea
  water instead of buying the expensive English
  salt with its extra tax.
• The English army beat up Gandhi and his
  followers and threw them in jail when they tried
  to make their own salt from the sea.
• But Gandhi and his friends kept coming back and
  back until the English gave up.

85
Gandhis action Civil disobedience 1930

• I hold the British rule in India to be a curse.
  It has impoverished millions by a system of
  exploitation and by ruinously expensive military
  and civil administration. Gandhi 1930
• His first act was to march with thousands of
  followers 400km to the coast, where he picked up
  salt on the seashore.
• The heat of Indias climate makes taking salt a
  necessity of life.
• Yet, despite India being almost surrounded by
  salt water the Indians had no control over salt
  production.
• The British had total control and everybody rich
  or poor had to pay a tax on it.
• By this simple act on the sea shore Gandhi was
  breaking the law he was avoiding the payment of
  salt tax.
• Gandhis act was a signal for other Indians to
  make their own salt and break the law.

86
In this picture, Gandhi is shown leading his
fellow freedom fighters on a march to the sea to
make their own salt from sea water instead of
buying the expensive English salt with its extra
tax. The Salt March incited a wave of non-violent
protest throughout India. Eventually, the British
government gave in, allowing India's citizens to
extract the salt from the ocean.
87

• In 1930 Gandhi led a 248 mile march to the sea,
  as a protest against a tax on salt. Thousands
  joined him in making salt of their own.
• Over 60,000
• people were
• arrested.

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89
The Salt March Continued

• Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000
  people
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931
• This freed all prisoners in return for suspension
  of civil disobedience movement
• Gandhi invited to attend Round Table Conference
  in London to represent Indian National Congress

90
Britains Reaction

• Indians staged acts of non-violent protest around
  the country.
• At Dharasana salt depot, they tried to get into
  the factory to protest about all salt production
  being in government hands.
• The British were forced to act.
• During the next few months over 60,000 Indians
  were imprisoned.
• Gandhi was amongst them, and this time there was
  no trial.
• Yet the civil disobedience campaign was
  successful.
• Many people in both Britain and India began to
  realize that Britain could not hold India by
  force.
• Many people were shocked at Britain's
  heavy-handed response to the non-violent protest.
  
• The publicity harmed Britain's image and
  reputation as a humane world power.
• Some British politicians began to think in terms
  of Indian self-government.
• Indians now began to believe that one day they
  could win their independence.

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92
After the Salt March

• Gandhi arrested and British failed to isolate him
  from his followers
• Government granted untouchables separate
  electorates under constitution
• Gandhi protested and forced government to come up
  with a better arrangement
• Gandhi started a new campaign to help the
  untouchables lead better lives

93
On your Left Side

• Design a bumper sticker with a slogan and image
  in support or the Salt March.

94

• However, the British government was forced to
  negotiate with Gandhi, and they agreed to release
  political prisoners if he stopped his campaign of
  non-co-operation.

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96
British People Embrace Gandhi---World-wide
Acceptance
97
Conference Next Action

• Gandhi was released from prison and invited to a
  series of meetings with the Viceroy.
• He was then invited to attend a conference in
  1931 in London.
• The conference itself was a failure for India
  independence was still not promised.
• Gandhi predicted as much before he sailed for
  Britain.
• GANDHIS ACTION- BRITAIN 1931
• While in Britain Gandhi traveled north to
  Lancashire to meet cotton mill workers.
• His campaign to boycott imported cloth meant
  many Lancashire workers had lost their jobs.
• They nevertheless greeted him with affection.

98
1930
VIDEO CLIP
Gandhi interacts with a Pearly King in a district
of London
In the same year, Gandhi visited England and met
with some of the mill workers there. The workers
were impressed with his sincerity and sense of
humor, even though many of them had lost their
jobs because of the Indian boycott of British
cloth.
99
British Reaction

• Gandhi returned to India as a hero.
• But to the British he remained a dangerous enemy.
  Eventually in 1932 he was arrested and
  imprisoned again without trial along with
  30,000 followers.
• While in prison Gandhi learned of a British plan
  to divide up Indias voters on the basis of
  religion.
• He announced his decision to fast to death
  unless the British withdrew the plan.

100
British Reaction

• Gandhi was now 60.
• The British feared the consequences if Gandhi
  were to die as a martyr in prison, and so dropped
  their plans.

101
1930 The First Round Table Conference met in
London to discuss the possibility of Dominion
status for India. However, no congress members,
such as Gandhi were invited to attend.
102
1931 Gandhi was named "Man of the Year" by Time
magazine. This was an incredible feat for him
because he believed that people around the world
were finally starting to hear his message of
non-violence.
103
The 2nd Round Table Conference in London was held
in 1931. This time the delegates included Hindus,
Christians, Muslims, Princes, and Landowners. But
no delegates representing Peasants and
Untouchables. So Gandhi appointed himself to this
position, creating much resentment among the
British.
104
Gandhis Fasts
105
Gandhi began a fast unto death to protest
Britains treatment of India's lowest caste
untouchables.
1932
106

• In 1933 Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days to
  draw attention to the treatment of the very
  poorest people in India, who he called The
  Children of God.

107
1933-1939
During this time Gandhi again traveled throughout
India speaking about welfare and other important
issues to India.
108
Gandhi Continues Work

• In 1934, Gandhi was almost assassinated three
  times
• Gandhi resigned from party membership because his
  popularity would stifle the membership
• Also, this helped Gandhi avoid being a target for
  Raj propaganda

109
Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
Indian Victory In 1935, Parliament passes the
Government of India Act Act gives India local
self-government and some election reforms Act
does nothing to calm rising tension between
Muslims and Hindus
NEXT
110
Role of World War Two
111
World War Two

• Gandhi resisted temptation to press hard for
  independence when Britain was at its most
  vulnerable.
• In return for active Indian support in the war,
  Britain promised India internal self-government
  as soon as the war ended but not full
  independence.
• Churchill wanted to keep the Empire together.

112
During the Second World War, Gandhi and his
followers made it clear that they wouldnt
support Britain unless India was granted
independence. In 1942 Gandhi was arrested by
the British, and imprisoned for two years.

113
Quit India Campaign
114
GANDHIS ACTION QUIT INDIA! 1942

• Gandhi objected to Britains ideas for
  self-government because they allowed individual
  religious groups to work separate deals with
  Britain.
• Gandhi saw his vision of one India being
  ruined by the desire of some Indian Muslims to
  create their own separate state.
• In July 1942 Gandhi drew up a Quit India plan.
• In it the Congress Party declared that British
  rule must cease immediately.

115
BRITISH REACTION

• Britain had no intention of quitting India.
  Swiftly, Gandhi and other Congress Party leaders
  were arrested.
• EVENTSVIOLENCE
• Violence broke out all over India.
• Symbols of British rule, like post offices,
  railway stations and government offices were
  attacked.
• Murders and lootings began.

116
More Action Reaction

• GANDHIs ACTION
• For once, Gandhi still in jail, was unable to
  stop the violence.
• He tried, by staging a 21 day fast, but with no
  success.
• BRITISH REACTION
• They blamed Gandhi for the disorder.
• They now seemed willing to let him die in prison.
  
• Eventually in 1944, aged 75, he was released on
  doctors advice.

117
Violence Between Hindus and Muslims in India
118
1946-1947
This time period was filled with violence between
the Hindus and the Muslims. The result 20 000
people either dead or wounded.
119
Gandhis Action

• He immediately set about trying to unite the
  Hindu and Muslim leaders in demanding one India.
• But Mohammed Jinnah, leader of the Muslim
  League, wished to see a separate Muslim country
  as part of an agreement with the British.
• Gandhi was unable to unite the two sides.

120
Partition of India and Pakistan
121
Indias Freedom and Partition

• Gandhi was opposed to partition
• This opposition caused Hindus and Muslims to
  criticize Gandhi
• Gandhi was condemned for undermining Muslim
  rights
• He was accused of turning a blind eye to
  atrocities against Hindus and for the creation of
  Pakistan
• Some people even said he caused India to divide

122
EVENT DIRECT ACTION 1946

• In August 1946 Jinnah called all Muslims to take
  direct action to demand an independent Muslim
  state, to be called Pakistan.
• Violence erupted Muslims killed Hindus and vice
  versa. In one day alone 5000 people died in
  Calcutta.
• India was in a state of civil war.
• Still the violence continued.
• In Feb 1947 the British government announced
  that it would give up the government of India by
  June 1948.
• The Viceroy Lord Mountbatten arrived he
  consulted regularly with Gandhi, Jinnah and Nehru
  ( leader of Congress party).

123

• By 1947 Gandhis campaign had weakened the
  British governments hold on the country, but
  with independence looming, killings and riots
  raged between Hindus and Muslims who hoped to
  take control of the new Indian government.

124
Freedom and Partition Continued

• Gandhi opposed any partition that planned to
  divide India
• Congress approved the partition plan to prevent a
  Hindu-Muslim war
• Gandhi was eventually forced to let the partition
  be approved to avoid war

125

• It was decided to divide India into two separate
  countries - India and Pakistan. Gandhi was
  strongly opposed to this idea, but was forced to
  agree because of the threat of civil war.

126
EVENTSPARTITION

• Rather than risk full civil war Gandhi and Nehru
  accepted Jinnahs demands.
• India would be split portioned- to create a
  Muslim Pakistan separate from the predominately
  Hindu India.
• The partition was no simple matter states such
  as Bengal and Punjab which had large numbers of
  Hindus and Muslims had to somehow be divided.
• Following independence, violence broke out once
  again, as large numbers of Muslims realized they
  were going to be under Hindu rule, or Hindus
  under Muslim rule.
• Millions of refugees fled from one country to an
  other.
• Half a million people were killed in religious
  hatred.

127
August 15, 1947
Gandhi realized his long sought-after goal, which
was the independence of India from Great Britain.
It was a bittersweet victory for Gandhi because
along with India's independence came the
partitioning of the country into two separate
states Muslim-based Pakistan and Hindu-based
India. He thoroughly opposed this partition.
Gandhi did not take part in the celebration of
India's independence.
128
Although independence from Britain was a joyous
occasion, it was marred by violence. Widespread
rioting between Hindus and Muslims detracted from
what should have been a celebration for India.
VIDEO CLIP
The majority of Muslims moved to the newly formed
Pakistan and most Hindus stayed in India,
creating an ever-widening cultural gap. Gandhi
began another fast until peace is made between
India's Muslims and Hindus.
Gandhis reaction to the independence and
partition of India
129
Gandhis Assassination
130
January 30, 1948
Nathuram Godse, a fanatic Hindu, assassinates
Gandhi while he is walking to a prayer meeting in
New Delhi. His death shocks the world.
131
Gandhis Response to Threats

• Gandhi, quite characteristically, refused
  additional security, and no one could defy his
  wish to be allowed to move around unhindered
• In the early evening hours of 30 January 1948,
  Gandhi met with India's Deputy Prime Minister and
  his close associate in the freedom struggle,
  Vallabhai Patel, and then proceeded to his
  prayers.
• Gandhi commenced his walk towards the garden
  where the prayer meeting was held.
• As he was about to mount the steps of the podium,
  Gandhi folded his hands and greeted his audience
  with a namaskar at that moment, a young man came
  up to him and roughly pushed aside Manu.
• Nathuram Godse (a Brahmin Hindu) bent down in the
  gesture of an obeisance, took a revolver out of
  his pocket, and shot Gandhi three times in his
  chest.

132
Gandhis Action

• By supporting the rights of Muslims Gandhi put
  his own life in danger.
• Fanatical Hindus plotted to kill him.
• EVENTASSASSINATION
• On the 30th January 1948 Gandhi walked through a
  large crowd which had gathered to hear him.
• In the crowd was a young assassin.
• As Gandhi approached, the young man bowed, then
  fired.
• Gandhi fell and died.

133
The last prayer meeting the day of Gandhi's
assassination
134
The last walk.
135

• A few days later, on January 30th 1948 Gandhi
  was shot by a Hindu fanatic on his way to a
  prayer meeting in Delhi.

136
Gandhi's assassin, Nathuram Godse, was described
as a nationalist and right-wing Hindu who blamed
Gandhi for the partitioning of India.
The assassin had been standing beside the garden
path, his hands folded, palms together, before
him in the Hindu gesture of greeting. But between
his palms he had concealed a small-calibre
pistol.
After pumping three bullets into Gandhi at a
range of a few feet, he fired a fourth shot in an
attempt at suicide, but the bullet merely creased
his scalp.
He was executed in November 1949.
137
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138
The ashes of Gandhi being carried through the
streets of Allahabad.
139
On your Left Side

• Gandhi was almost assassinated three times before
  he was finally killed for his beliefs.
• He fasted several times in protest and came close
  to dying from that as well.
• Is there anything that you believe in so strongly
  that you would take similar risks like Gandhi?
  Why or why not?

140
Assassination

• Gandhi was shot by Nathuram Godse on January 30,
  1948 during his nightly walk
• Godse and his conspirator were convicted and
  executed on November 15, 1949
• Gandhis ashes were poured into urns and sent
  across India for memorial services
• Gandhis memorial is located at Raj Ghat in Pune,
  India

141

• His ashes were dipped in all the major rivers of
  the world before being enshrined in the Mahatma
  Gandhi World Peace Memorial.

142
When in despair I remember that all through
history the way of truth and love has always won
there have been tyrants and murderers, and for a
time they can seem invincible, but in the end
they always fall. M.K. Gandhi
143

• On your Left Side
• What would be a good political cartoon caption
  for this image?
• Explain.

144
Legacy of Gandhi
145

• In India Gandhi is often called The Father of
  the Nation.
• Gandhis birthday,
• October 2nd, is a
• public holiday in India.
• Click here for Timeline Tool

146
Holidays and Awards

• Gandhi Jayanta is celebrated every October 2 in
  India
• On January 30, schools and many countries
  celebrate the School Day of Non-violence and
  Peace
• Man of the Year in 1930
• Runner-up to Einstein as person of the century
• Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize awarded to
  distinguished social workers
• Nominated five times for Nobel Peace Prize

147

• Finally, after years and many, many non-violent
  protests like this, Gandhi and his hundreds of
  thousands of freedom fighters forced the English
  to leave India and allow the Indians to run their
  own country.
• They did this without weapons that could hurt or
  kill.
• Gandhis ideas of non-violent protest - or
  trying to change unfair practices or laws without
  hurting anyone - have been used by important
  leaders in our country and around the world.
• Here, in the United States, the most famous
  example is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., when he
  joined others in the struggle for equal rights
  and justice for African Americans.

148
On your Left Side

• What do you think are Gandhis THREE greatest
  achievements and explain your reasoning for each.

149
Be the Change you want to see in the World!

• Mohandas Gandhi

150
On your Left Side

• What change in the world do you want to see?
  Why?
• How can you work to bring about this change?