? ???:earlier, former, previous

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3???????????
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1??????????
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? ??????(?????) ??? ? ???? ? ????.
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1)???????
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1???????
????????? ????????????
1)???????
? ???earlier, former, previous
? ??already, before, ago, beforehand first,
previously,
? ??before this/that, in advance, by now,
not long before, until now until then, up to
now / then
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Examples
? He finally handed a good essay. His
previous essays were all poor.
? If you want to have dinner in this
restaurant at this time of the day, youd
better make a preservation beforehand.
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1)???????
? ???contemporary
? ??meantime, meanwhile, now, presently,
then, just then
? ??at this point, in the meantime, in
the meanwhile, at the same time
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Examples
? The death of the president was reported on
TV. A simultaneous announcement was
broadcast on the radio.
? I went to college 2 years ago. Meanwhile,
all my friends got well-paid jobs.
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1)???????
? ???following, later, next
? ??after, afterwards, immediately,
finally, later, since, then, soon
? ??after a while, in a moment, after
that/this
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Examples
? The mother went to the supermarket to buy
some food at 430. Later, she picked up her
children at school.
? We visited the Great Wall on the first day.
in the following days, we visited many
other places of interest, including the
Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.
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2???????
????????????????? ??????
above, around, before, beyond, beneath, close to,
further, here, in front of, on the left, over,
under, next to, opposite, on top of, at the
bottom / back of, at the foot of, inside,
outside???
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On Friday morning, I was at the front door
talking to a caller. Suddenly we heard a crash
and two cars collided just opposite. We hurried
across to see if we could help. One driver was
scrambling out, bleeding profusely, and my
visitor, helped him over to the pavement. Then
along came some people, running up the street.
I dashed backing and phoned for help. When I
went out again, the other driver, trying to move
his car down the road a little and into the
side.
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3???
????????????????? ???
One day the sun and the wind had a quarrel. The
sun said he was stronger than the wind. And the
wind said he was stronger than the sun.
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Mary didnt go to class yesterday because she was
sick.
Listen to this! They have cancelled Fridays
meeting.
Tom, Mother says we are going to the zoo tomorrow.
You said Tim had an accident. Thats really too
bad!
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2)????
????????????????? ????????????????
My wife and I are leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
We have already booked the tickets.
You and Jane can stay here for the night. Im
sure youll enjoy yourselves.
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Peter married a Chinese girl. He met her in
Shanghai. His parents werent pleased. They
visited her parents, but not his.
You really ought to ask Sally not to tell a story
like that to ass those friends of hers if she
thinks they might be going to be working with
John, unless she can be quite sure its not
going to go any further. I hardly think it would
appeal to his sense of humour.
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2)????
??????? ???? ??? ?????
this, that, these, those the here, there, now,
then
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?that ?those??????????? His car broke down
on the way. That is why he was late this
morning.
We have no more money for the repairs. Thats
our trouble.
?this?????????? This is what I want to
know Has the mail arrived yet?
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this ?those ???????????? ?,?????????that????
??????????????? those?????????????
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The water in this well is cleaner than that
in that.
(that in that the water in
that well)
The cover of my book is more beautiful than
that of yours.
(that of yours the cover of your book)
I dont like the clothes here but I prefer
those in the window.
(thosethe clothes)
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this?these????????that? those?????????
There seems to have been a great deal
of carelessness. This is what I cant
under- stand.
A There seems to have been a great deal of
carelessness. B Thats what I cant understand.
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We went to the opera last night. That was our
first outing for months.
We are going to the opera tonight. This will be
our first outing for months.
Mary had a bad cold yesterday. Thats why she
didnt go to the meeting.
These language options are open to our students
Spanish, French and German.
He told a story like this Long, long ago, there
lived in the forest an old hunter
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???????????
John bought a TV and a video player. But he
returned the video player the next day.
John bought a bike. But when he rode it, one of
the wheels came off.
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??here????????there?? ?????
Here is the news. The president is flying
There seems to have been a great deal
of carelessness. Here is what I cant
under- stand.
Hong Kong is a famous city. I have been there
three times on business.
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now?then???????
We have had our dinner now lets have some
coffee.
In my young days, we were more serious. We had
different ideas then.
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3)????
????????????????? ????????????????? ???,??????????
??? ?????????????
John took two hours to reach London. Bill, on
the other hand, was driving more slowly.
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Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money. Bob
receives the same amount.
How much pocket money does Bob get each week?
Jim has 120 stamps but Tim has fifty more.
How many stamps does Tim have?
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3)????
???????????????? ?????, ???????????
? ??????,?????? here, this, it
There seems to have been a great deal
of carelessness. Here is what I cant
under- stand.
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Here is the news I heard from the radio Two
Japanese air force pilots were missing after
their training jet crashed into the sea off
southern Japan yesterday.
Many students never improve. They get no advice
and therefore they keep repeating the same
mistake. It is a terrible shame.
It never should have happened. She went out
leaving the baby unattended.
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? ?????? that, (the) above, the foregoing
Many years ago their wives quarreled over some
trivial matter, now long forgot- ton. But one
word led to another and the permanent rupture
between them. Thats why the two men never visit
each others house.
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? ?????? as follows, the following, below,
thus
Below is an example of an informal letter Dear
Frank, All the best, Jim
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4???
???????????????? ?????
????????????
Have you got any knives? I need a sharp one.
A Does Mary dance? B No, but Jane does.
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?????
?????? ?????? ??????
??????one, ones, the same
Mr. Cook was an excellent captain, one who took
good care of his sailors.
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He goes about interviewing retired sailors who
served in the pre-1914 navy. The one that he met
in Devon last week was a fascinating storyteller.
I wish Id bought a few jars of honey. Did you
notice the ones they were selling by the
roadside?
A Ill have a cup of black coffee with
sugar, please. B Give me the same, please.
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?????????
?????
Jane needs a new bike. Shes decided to buy one.
Here is the fruit. Would you like some?
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??????do, do so
A Will you be attending the meeting this
evening? B I may do.
A Does granny take care of you every day? B She
cant do at weekends. Because she has to do
her own house.
John smokes a lot. Does his father do so?
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??????so, not
John hasnt found a job yet. He told me so.
A Can you come back next week? B Im afraid not.
A Do you think John will win the match? B Yes,
I think so.
A The bridge has not been completed yet. B No,
they say not.
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1) ??????????
(1)?????????????? ??????????
??????????????? ??????????????
? ????
The history of plastics is longer than you might
think. In fact that the first man- made plastics
ever to appear on the market was made 300 years
ago.
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? ?????????
He got a lot of presents from his friends and
family. All of the gifts were wrapped in colored
paper.
Grades are the first concern of most Chinese
senior high school students. They work hard to
get high marks.
Everything faded in mist. The past was erased,
the erasure was forgotten, and the lie became
true.
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? ?????????
animal?sheep, cow, wolf, tiger???? dog, cat,
horse, fox?animal?????
Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message
from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the
distance in three minutes.
You will need to take tools with you. You can
get a saw, a screwdriver and a hammer from most
big department stores.
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? ????? people, man, woman, place, do, make,
etc.
Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva? Ive
been to the place.
A What shall I do with all this crockery? B
Leave the stuff there someone will put it
away.
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???????????????
A great number of high school graduates,
continue their education in one of the
many colleges or universities in the country.
After 4 years, they receive a bachelors degree.
Some continue studying for a masters degree
and perhaps a doctors degree.
A great number of high school graduates,
continue their education in one of the
many colleges or universities in the country.
After 4 years, they receive a bachelors degree.
Some continue studying for a masters degree
and perhaps a doctors degree.
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When you go to the doctor, you like to come away
with a prescription. It makes you feel better to
know you will get some medicine. But the doctor
knows that medicine is not always needed.
Sometimes all a sick person needs is some
reassurance that all will be well. In such
cases, the doctor may prescribe a placebo.
When you go to the doctor, you like to come away
with a prescription. It makes you feel better to
know you will get some medicine. But the doctor
knows that medicine is not always needed.
Sometimes all a sick person needs is some
reassurance that all will be well. In such
cases, the doctor may prescribe a placebo.
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1) ?????
???????????????? ?????
???????? ? ?????and, but, for, then, yet,
so, therefore, anyway, ?? ? ??in addition, as a
result, on the contrary, in other words, ?? ?
??considering all that, to conlude, that is
to say, what is more, what is more important
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? ????
first, second firstly, secondly for one
thing(and) for another, in the fisrt place
first of all to begin with to start with for a
start next, finally then in concluison last
of all to conclude, etc.
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?????
and and also also too andtoo further more
in addition besides moreover what is more
etc.
Im looking for a job. Furthermore, Im not
going to look for a job.
The public can see the paintings next week. What
is more, they can buy them for as little as ten
dollars upwards.
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????????
still, but, yet, nevertheless, all the same,
though, instead, anyhow, on the contrary, in
fact, at the same time, on the other hand, as a
matter of fact, by contrast, while, wheras
You were not boring me, on the contrary. you are
intersting me frightfully.
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? ????
that is, that is to say, in other words,
for instance, such as, namely, for example, to
put it another way
Here is a scholar who is devoted to his
research, to reprehensive extent. That is to
say, he neglects his family and does not fulfil
his responsibilities as a citizen.
Here is a scholar who is devoted to his
research, to reprehensive extent. That is to
say, he neglects his family and does not fulfil
his responsibilities as a citizen.
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? ????
equally, likewise, namely, similarly, in the same
way, in other words, that is, I mean, that is to
say, etc.
You must pack plenty of food for the journey.
Likewise, youll need, warm clothes, so pack
them too.
He is being foolish. In other words, he is
behaving foolishly.
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? ????
for, since, because, as, due to, because of, on
account of, owing to, thanks to
? ????
accordingly, consequently, hence, now, so,
therefore, thus, as consequence, in consequence,
for that reason, of course
He was too sick. Accordingly, we sent him to
hospital.
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? ????
else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that
case, etc.
A Please give my regards to John. B Then, you
are coming with me?
You say your father might object? In that case I
will not press the matter.
You must get some petrol, otherwise, we will not
have enough to get us to the next town.
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? ????
altogether, overall, then, thus, (all) in all,
in conclusion, in sum, in short, in short, in
brief, on the whole, to conclude, to sum up, to
summarize, etc.
He lost his watch, his car broke down, and he
got a letter of complaint from a customer all
in all, he had a bad day.
The film has a very unusual plot, with plenty of
action. Both the acting, and photography are
excellent. To sum up, this is a film shoul not
miss.
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? ????
again, or, rather, better (still), worse, on the
other hand, or at least, or rather, etc.
You can walk home. Or rather, I can give you a
lift in my car.
If things get any worse, we might have to
arrange a public meeting to discuss the matter.
Better still, we could even organize a
demonstration.
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? ????
now, by the way, to change the subject
We have settled that at last. Now, whats the
other thing we wanted to discuss?
I must go now. By the way if you want that book
Ill bring it next time.
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Practice
As water flows along, it picks up sands,
pebbles, even boulders. By this process, huge
amounts of mud and rock, are moved from the land
to the sea. Each year the Mississippi River
carries 730 million tons of solid matter in the
Gulf of Mexico.
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A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or
an empty capsule. Even though they have medicine
in them, these things seem to make people well.
The patient thinks it is medicine and begin to
get better. How does this happen?
A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or
an empty capsule. Even though they have medicine
in them, these things seem to make people well.
The patient thinks it is medicine and begin to
get better. How does this happen?