The Catholic Reformation

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The Catholic Reformation

• The Formation of New Orders
• The Council of Trent
• Catholic Religious Reform

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Formation of New Orders

• Ignatius of Loyola
• 1491 1556
• 1540 Jesuits approved
• Pope Paul III
• Spiritual Exercises published in 1548
• 4th Vow obedience to the successor of Peter
• Focus also on educational and missionary work
  (New World)

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Ursuline Order

• founded by Angela Merici (1474 1540) in 1535
• fight heresy through Christian teaching
• teaching young girls
• spread in France and the New World

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Reform measures prior to Council of Trent

• Index of Prohibited Books, 1542

• Roman Inquisition, 1542

Galileo before the Roman Inquisition , 1633
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Council of Trent1545-1563

1. Numerous attempts to call it but warfare
   ecclesiastical turmoil
2. Finally called by Pope Paul III ---opened 1545,
   closed 1563
3. Called not only to reform the church, but also
   for reconciliation
4. Lutherans and Calvinists invited to participate

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Council of Trent, contd

• International politics repeatedly played a role
• Charles V fears Lutheran subjects rebelling
  against Holy Roman Empire
• French rulers wanted no reconciliation
  ultimately their problems lead to extensive
  religious warfare (civil war)

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• INTERNAL REFORMS
• Bishops live in diocese
• a. Strengthened the authority of local bishops
• b. Bishops had to preach regularly and make
  annual visits to parishes
• Priests educated
• a. Priests needed to be presentable
• b. Priests needed to be celibate
• c. Priests needed to be active
• Curtail the selling of church offices / religious
  goods
• Canon of Scripture established

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REAFFIRMATIONS

• Traditional Scholastic education of clergy
• Role of good works in salvation
• Authority of tradition
• Seven sacraments
• Transubstantiation
• Clerical celibacy
• Purgatory
• Veneration of Saints, relics, and sacred images
• Indulgences