Respiratory and Urinary Systems

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Respiratory and Urinary Systems

• Ridding the body of waste products

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Assignment

• Rd 403 410
• Pg 428 S/A 2, 3, 8
• Clinic 5
• Rd 479 491
• Pg 501 S/A 1, 11, 15
• Clinic 1, 3

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Respiratory System--video
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Respiratory SystemFunction

• To supply oxygen to the blood while removing
  carbon dioxide from the blood
• Filter, warm, and humidify air
• Some organs influence speech and smell

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Physiology of Respiration

• Respiration is made up of 4 distinct events
• Pulmonary ventilationbreathing air into/out of
  lungs
• Inspiration diaphragm and intercostal muscles
  contract which opens the thoracic cavity. This
  causes a vacuum and air rushes into lungs
• Expiration normally a passive process. As the
  muscles relax, the thoracic cavity becomes
  smaller so that air is forced out of lungs

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Physiology cont

• External respirationgas exchange between blood
  and the alveoli via the capillaries surrounding
  the alveoli (takes place in the lungs)

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Physiology cont

• Respiratory gas exchange (Circulatory system
  function)O2/CO2 must be transported to/from the
  lungs and cells of body
• Internal respiration (Circulatory system
  function)gas exchange made at the capillaries

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Urinary System
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Kidneyfunction

• Form urinewaste products are filtered from blood
  and enter nephron. Additional wastes may be
  secreted into urine as well.
• Helps to regulate many substances in the blood

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Formation of Urine

• Combination of three processes
• Filtering
• Reabsorption
• Secretion

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Formation of Urine

• Filtrationcontinuous process in each glomerulus
• 125ml/min 180 L fluid filtered by kidneys each
  dayno one voids that much!
• Most of the filtered substances are reabsorbed
  into the body.

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Formation of Urine

• Reabsorption
• 178 L/day of liquid is reabsorbed into body
• Glucose (usually) , amino acids, etcanything the
  body needs will usually be reabsorbed.
• Sodium reabsorption rates varydepending on
  amount in body

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Reabsorption cont

• Nitrogenous wastes are not reabsorbed
• Ureaformed by liver as end product of protein
  breakdown when amino acids are used as energy
• Uric acidwhen nucleic acids are broken down
• Creatinegenerally associated with physiology of
  muscles

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Formation of Urine

• Secretion
• H, K, and drugs are deposited into urine
• Video of the process

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Pathologies
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Disorders

• SIDSSudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Infants in seemingly good health die in their
  sleep. Some cases are attributed to breathing
  mechanisms not functioning correctly, others of
  heart abnormalities. Most cases of unexplained
  infant death get listed as SIDS

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Disorders

• Cystic Fibrosis
• Most common lethal genetic disease
• Oversecretion of mucus that clogs the respiratory
  passages putting person (usually a child) at risk
  for fatal infections

• Affects other systems as welldigestive system
  (clogs ducts that deliver pancreatic enzymes and
  bile to SI)

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Disorders

• Emphysemacondition where the alveoli enlarge
  this chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis of
  the lungs.

• Fibrosis makes the lungs less elastic so people
  have to force air in AND OUT of the lungsleaving
  them exhausted.
• Usually caused by smoking

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Disorders

• Pneumonialung infection that can be caused by
  bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
• Most commonly caused by viruses.
• Bronchitismucosa of the lower respiratory
  passages are severely inflamed and producing
  excessive amounts of mucus. This excess mucus
  impairs ventilation and gas exchange.

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Disorders

• Sinusitisinfection of the sinuses
• Sinus headachepassages from the sinuses to nose
  are blocked causing a partial vacuum and a
  localized headache in the sinuses occurs.

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Disorders

• Asthmacaused by chronically inflamed,
  hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to
  many irritants with coughing, wheezing, and
  impaired respiration.
• Pleurisyinflammation of the pleura

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Urinary Disorders

• Ptosisamount of fatty tissue surrounding kidneys
  declines to such an extent that the kidneys
  dropcan cause ureters to kink
• Oliguriaabnormally low urine output (100
  400ml/day). Usually indicates a problem with the
  kidneys ability to filter wastes
• Anurialess than 100ml of urine produced per day

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Urinary Disorders

• Polyuriaan excess of 2.5L of urine produced a
  day.
• Incontinencevoiding involuntarily
• UTIUrinary Tract Infection
• Any infection of any portion of the kidneys,
  ureters, bladder or urethra.

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Urinary Disorders

• Renal calculikidney stones
• Concentrated urine solutes in the kidneys form
  crystalline stones that they have to pass
  through the ureters and out the urethra. The
  ureters are much narrower than the urethra, so
  the passage from kidney to bladder is the most
  agonizing
• Renal colicpain caused by passing kidney stone

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Urinary Disorders
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Urinary System Videos

• Used on a day when I had students taking their
  own notes in the lab
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzEpUQkQ-uKM
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYlQfBvKodQclistPL
  E51F5D5980FDDBF7
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJBsUUYZKAlUlistPL
  E51F5D5980FDDBF7