INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

1
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

• CHAPTER 1 - 3

2
FIELDS OF ANATOMY

• GROSS ANATOMY
• MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
• REGIONAL ANATOMY
• SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
• SURFACE ANATOMY
• CYTOLOGY
• HISTOLOGY
• ULTRASTRUCTURE ANATOMY
• DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

3
FIELDS OF PHYSIOLOGY

• VIRAL
• BACTERIAL
• CELLULAR
• PLANT
• ANIMAL

4
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• INTERRELATIONSHIPS

5
STRUCTURAL LEVELS

• CELLULAR
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• ORGAN SYSTEM
• ORGANISM

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CELLS

• NUCLEUS
• ER
• GOLGI
• LYSOSOMES
• CENTRIOLES
• MITOCHONDRIA
• CYTOSKELETON
• MORE

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TISSUES

• LAYERS OR GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS
• PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTION

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EMBRYONIC TISSUE

• ECTODERM
• MESODERM
• ENDODERM

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TISSUE TYPE

• EPITHELIUM
• CONNECTIVE
• MUSCULAR
• NERVOUS

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ORGANS

• TWO OR MORE TISSUES MAKE UP ORGAN
• EACH TISSUE TYPE CONTRIBUTES TO ORGAN FUNCTION

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ORGAN SYSTEMS

• ORGANS WORK TOGETHER

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ORGAN SYSTEMS

• INTEGUMENTARY
• SKELETAL
• MUSCULAR
• NERVOUS
• ENDOCRINE

• CARDIOVASCULAR
• LYMPHATIC
• RESPIRATORY
• URINARY
• REPRODUCTIVE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE IN HUMANS

• INTEGRITY OF CELLS
• MOVEMENT
• IRRITABILITY
• DIGESTION
• METABOLISM
• EXCRETION
• REPRODUCTION
• GROWTH

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SURVIVAL NEEDS

• NUTRIENTS
• OXYGEN
• WATER
• STABILITY IN BODY TEMPERATURE
• APPROPRIATE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• MODERATION IN ALL

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ANATOMICAL TERMS
16
BODY POSITIONS

• ANATOMICAL POSITION
• PRONE
• SUPINE

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ANATOMICAL POSITION
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PRONE
19
SUPINE
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• ANTERIOR
• VENTRAL
• SUPERIOR
• CRANIAL
• MEDIAL
• PROXIMAL
• SUPERFICIAL
• EXTERNAL
• IPSILATERAL

• POSTERIOR
• DORSAL
• INFERIOR
• CAUDAL
• LATERAL
• DISTAL
• DEEP
• INTERNAL
• CONTRALATERAL

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REGIONAL TERMS

• AXILLA
• GROIN
• BRACHIUM
• ANTEBRACHIUM
• COXAL
• UMBILICAL

• CERVICAL
• THORACIC
• LUMBAR
• SACRAL
• PLANTAR
• DORSAL
• PALMAR

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BODY PLANES

• SAGGITAL
• CORONAL
• TRANSVERSE

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SAGITTAL PLANE

• LONGITUDINAL SECTION
• RIGHT AND LEFT PARTS
• MEDIAN SAGITTAL
• PARASAGITTAL

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CORONAL PLANE

• ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS

• FRONTAL PLANE

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TRANSVERSE PLANE

• CROSS SECTION
• HORIZONTAL SECTION
• SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PARTS

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BODY CAVITIES

• VENTRAL AND DORSAL CAVITIES

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DORSAL CAVITY

• CRANIAL CAVITY
• VERTEBRAL CAVITY

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VENTRAL CAVITY

• THORACIC CAVITY
• ABDOMINAL/
• PELVIC CAVITY

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THORACIC CAVITY

• PLEURAL CAVITY
• MEDIASTINUM

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PLEURAL CAVITY

• LUNGS

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MEDIASTINUM

• PERICARDIAL CAVITY
• TRACHEA
• ESOPHAGUS
• THYMUS
• SEVERAL MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS

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PERICARDIAL CAVITY

• HEART

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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

• ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• PELVIC CAVITY

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ABDOMINAL CAVITY
35
PELVIC CAVITY
36
TRUE PELVIS

• SUPERIOR MARGIN OF SYMPHYSIS PUBIS TO SACRAL
  PROMONTORY

37
FALSE PELVIS

• LOWER PORTION OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• SURROUNDED POSTERIORLY BY FLAT HIP BONES
• ANTERIORLY BOUNDED BY ABDOMINAL WALL

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REGIONS OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

• EPIGASTRIC
• RIGHT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC
• UMBILICAL
• RIGHT AND LEFT LUMBAR
• HYPOGASTRIC
• RIGHT AND LEFT ILIAC

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REGIONS OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

• UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
• UPPER LEFT QUADRANT
• LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT
• LOWER LEFT QUADRANT

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MEMBRANES OF THE VENTRAL CAVITY

• PLEURAL MEMBRANE
• PERICARIDAL MEMBRANE
• PERITONEUM

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SEROUS MEMBRANES

• DOUBLE WALLED SACS
• SEPARATED BY SEROUS FLUID
• VISCERAL PORTION
• PARIETAL PORTION

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PERICARDIAL CAVITY

• COVERS AND PROTECTS THE HEART
• REDUCES FRICTION
• PERICARDITIS

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PLEURAL CAVITY

• COVERS AND PROTECTS LUNGS
• REDUCES FRICTION
• PLEURISY

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PERITONEAL MEMBRANES

• MESENTERIES
• MESOCOLON, MESOAPPENDIX, MESOVARIUM AND ETC
• HOLD ORGANS IN PLACE
• PROVIDE PATHWAY FOR BLOOD LYMPH VESSELS AND
  NERVES

45
MESENTERIES
46
RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS

• OUTSIDE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• BETWEEN CAVITY WALL AND PARITAL PERITONEUM
• KIDNEYS
• PANCREAS
• DUODENUM

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PANCREAS AND DUODENUM
48
HOMEOSTASIS

• INTERNAL CONDITIONS REMAIN STABLE AND CONSTANT
• PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS EXIST TO MAINTAIN
  HOMEOSTASIS
• MAJOR FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

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NEGATIVE FEED BACK LOOPS

• SENSORS
• SET POINT
• INTEGRATING CENTER
• EFFECTORS
• CONTINUOUS ONGOING PROCESS

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Positive Feedback

• The response of the effector reinforces the
  stimulus

Figure 15
51
POSITIVE FEEDBACK IS GENERALLY A LIMITED EVENT
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS THE MAJOR REGULATOR OF
HOMEOSTASIS