INCREASING SUFFRAGE

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CH 8 SUM
VOTING AND VOTERS

• INCREASING SUFFRAGE
• 15TH AMENDMENTBLACKS
• 19TH AMENDMENTWOMEN
• 24TH AMENDMENTNON-TAXPAYERS
• 26TH AMENDMENT18 TO 21 YEAR OLDS

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CH 8 SUM
VOTING AND VOTERS

• STATE QUALIFICATIONS
• 18, CITIZEN, RESIDENT, REGISTERED
• REASONS FOR NOT VOTING
• CANNOT VOTERS
• SUPPORTIVE NON-VOTERS
• (Oakwood ?)
• ALIENATED NON-VOTERS
• (Jefferson ?)
• LACK OF INTEREST / APATHY

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• AMERICANS
• LESS LIKELY TO VOTE THAN EUROPEANS
• US HAS MORE ELECTIVE OFFICES
• ( ABOUT 52, 000)
• US HAS A COMPLEX REGISTRATION PROCESS
• US POLITICAL PARTIES ARE WEAKER
• US HAS LESS DAILY GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT

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U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION TURNOUT
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    Japan 71
    Estonia 69
    Hungary 66
    Russia 61
    India 58
    U. S. 54
    Switz 54
    Poland 51















    Brazil 83
    Netherlands 83
    Costa Rica 81
    Norway 81
    Romania 81
    Bulgaria 80
    Israel 80
    Portugal 79
    Finland 78
    Canada 76
    France 76
    U.K. 76
    Ireland 74
    Spain 73
    Japan 71








    Australia 95
    Malta 94
    Austria 92
    Belgium 91
    Italy 90
    Luxembourg 90
    Iceland 89
    New Zealand 88
    Denmark 87
    Germany 86
    Sweden 86
    Greece 86
    Venezuela 85
    Czech Rep. 85
    Brazil 83



















    Switzerland 54
    Poland 51
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TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ACCORDING TO
VERBA AND NIE

• INACTIVES (22)
• LITTLE PARTICIPATION IF ANY
• PAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTS
• NO VOTING OR CAMPAIGNING
• CONTACT OFFICIALS ABOUT SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

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TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ACCORDING TO
VERBA AND NIE

• COMMUNALISTS
• ENGAGED W/ NONPARTISAN COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES
• VOTING SPECIALISTS
• REGULARLY VOTE
• BUT VERY LITTLE ELSE

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TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ACCORDING TO
VERBA AND NIE

• CAMPAIGNERS
• VOTE
• GET INVOLVED W/ CAMPAIGNS
• COMPLETE ACTIVISTS (11)
• PARTICPATES IN ALL FORMS OF POLITICAL ACTIVITIES

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE WHO VOTE MORE OFTEN

• MORE EDUCATED
• (MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR)
• HIGHER INCOME
• UNION MEMBERSHIP
• POLITICALLY AFFILIATED
• CIVIC INVOLVEMENT
• OLDER
• MARRIED
• RELIGIOUS

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WHY PEOPLE DONT VOTE

• LACK OF POLITICAL EFFICACY
• INTERNAL AND/OR EXTERNAL
• LACK OF MOTIVATION
• UNINSPIRING CANDIDATES
• NO REALIGNING ISSUES
• AKA CRITICAL ELECTIONS
• BUSY

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Figure 13.2- Why People Dont Vote
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Voters lining up outside a Baghdad polling
station during the 2005 Iraqi election.Voter
turnout was considered high despite widespread
concerns of violence.
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WOMEN VOTING IN AFGHANISTAN
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BALLOT CONFUSION ??
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SOUTH AFRICANS WAITINGTO VOTE FOR THE FIRST TIME
(1994)
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12 HOURS OF LATER
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Ways to Improve Voter Turnout

• Make registration and absentee voting easier.
• Make Election Day a holiday.
• Strengthen political parties.

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Patterns in Vote Choice

• Party members most dependable for party
  nominees.
• Ticket-splitting has increased.
• Race minorities largely vote for Democrats.
• Gender women usually vote for Democrats.
• Income poor typically vote for Democrats.
• Ideology liberals largely vote for Democrats.
• Issues prospective and retrospective judgments.

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AV- Turnout of Eligible Voters
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Figure 13.1- South v. Non-South
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Figure 13.3- Registered Voters
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Figure 13.5- Electoral College 2008
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2008 2000
McCain 47.2 Bush 49.9
Obama 51.2 Gore 46.4
2004 1996
Bush 50.8 Dole 41
Kerry 48.7 Clinton 47.3
ohio presidential results (by )
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12 safe R 4 safe D 2 R competitive
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Figure 13.6- Gerrymandering
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Gerrymander art

• http//rangevoting.org/GerryGal.html

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http//www.redistrictinggame.org/
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Figure 13.7- Electronic Voting Machines
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Elections and Voting Behavior
Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry Government in
America People, Politics, and Policy Fourteenth
Edition

• Chapter 10

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How American Elections Work

• Types of elections
• Primary elections Select party nominees Select
  officeholders
• General elections Select options on specific
  policies
• Referendum state-level method of direct
  legislation that gives voters a chance to approve
  proposed legislation or constitutional amendment
• Initiative process permitted in some states
  whereby voters may put proposed changes in the
  state constitution to a vote, given a sufficient
  number of signatures

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Whether to Vote A Citizens First Choice

• Suffrage the legal right to vote
• Extended to African Americans by the 15th Amend
• Extended to Women by the 19th Amendment
• Extended to people over 18 by the 26th Amendment

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Whether to Vote A Citizens First Choice

• U.S. has low voter turnout
• Political Efficacy the belief that ones
  political participation really matters
• Civic Duty the belief that in order to support
  democratic government, a citizen should always
  vote
• Those who see clear differences between parties
  are likely to vote.
• If indifferent, then one may rationally abstain
  from voting.

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From Government in America, 13th edition.
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• Registering To Vote
• Voter Registration a system adopted by the
  states that requires voters to register well in
  advance of the election day
• Registration procedures differ by state.
• Motor Voter Act passed in 1993, requires states
  to permit people to register to vote when they
  apply for their drivers license

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• Who Votes?
• More education more likely to vote.
• Most important factor
• BUT connected to many other traits
• Older more likely to vote
• UNTIL mobility becomes a problem
• Caucasian more likely to vote.
• BUT, other ethnicities are higher with
  comparable education or higher income
• Female more likely to vote

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• Who Votes?
• Married more likely to vote
• Union member more likely to vote
• Traits are cumulative
• possessing several adds up

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How Americans VoteExplaining Citizens Decisions

• Candidates want a good visual image.
• Especially on dimensions of integrity,
  reliability, and competence
• Personality plays a role in vote choice,
  especially if a candidate is perceived to be
  incompetent or dishonest. (Elite?) (Career
  Politician?)

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How Americans VoteExplaining Citizens Decisions

• Party Identification
• People still generally vote for a party they
  agree with.
• With the rise of candidate-centered politics,
  parties hold on voters declined in the 1960s and
  1970s. (More split-ticket voting.)
• Is this changing with increase partisanship?
• Many more voters make an individual voting
  decision and are up for grabs each election,
  (so-called floating voters).

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How Americans VoteExplaining Citizens Decisions

• Mandate Theory of Elections
• The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate
  from the people to carry out his or her platforms
  and politics
• Politicians like the theory better than
  political scientists do.

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• Policy Voting
• Basing your vote choice on issue preferences and
  where the candidates stand on policy issues
• Policy voting may occur if
• Voters know where they and the candidates stand
  on issues and see differences between candidates
• Unlikely to occur because
• Candidates can be ambiguous on the issues.
• Media tend to focus on the horse race not
  issues.
• Today candidates are forced to take a clear stand
  in the party primaries increasing chances for
  policy voting.

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Understanding Elections and Voting Behavior

• Candidates who vow to continue popular policies
  are more likely to win elections.
• Retrospective voting voters cast a vote based on
  what a candidate has done for them lately.
• Those who feel worse-likely to vote against
  incumbents.
• Bad economies make politicians nervous.

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• Start Here
• on
• Thursday

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The Last Battle The Electoral College

• Electoral college actually elects the
  presidentfounders wanted him chosen by the elite
  of the country
• States (political parties) choose the electors
• Winner-Take-All system gives bigger emphasis to
  more populated states

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• How the Electoral College works
• Each state has as many votes as it does
  Representatives and Senators.
• Winner of popular vote typically gets all the
  Electoral College votes for that state
• Electors meet in December, votes are reported by
  the vice president in January
• If no candidate gets a majority (270 votes), the
  House of Representatives votes for president,
  with each state casting one vote.

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A Tale of Three Elections
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http//www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2012/presi
dent/2012_elections_electoral_college_map.html
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• Elections and the Scope of Government
• Federal Govt does more now because
• Elections generally support government policies
  and power.
• Voters feel they are sending a message to
  government to accomplish something
• Thus, the government expands to fill the needs of
  the voters.

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Summary

• Voters make two basic decisions at election time
• 1-Whether to vote
• 2-Who to vote for
• Party identification, candidate evaluations, and
  policy positions drive vote choice.
• How important are demographics ?
• Voter Demographics Stereotyping?
• Does this influence campaigns? Policies?
• Elections are fundamental to a democracy.

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WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONIMPORTANT
TERMS

• ACTIVIST
• AUSTRALIAN BALLOT
• CAMPAIGNERS
• COMMUNALISTS
• COMPLETE ACTIVISTS
• ELIGIBLE ELECTORATE
• FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT

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WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONIMPORTANT
TERMS

• GRANDFATHER CLAUSES
• INACTIVES
• LITERACY TEST
• MOTOR-VOTER BILL
• NINETEENTH AMENDMENT
• PAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTS
• POLL TAX
• REGISTERED VOTERS

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WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONIMPORTANT
TERMS

• TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT
• TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT
• VOTER APATHY
• VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1970
• VOTING-AGE POPULATION
• VOTING SPECIALISTS
• WHITE PRIMARIES

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WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONQUESTIONS

• 1-IS VOTER PARTICIPATION LOWER IN THE USA THAN IN
  EUROPEAN CONTRIES? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
• 2-WHAT HAVE BEEN THE POLICY CONSEQUENCES OF A
  BROADER ELECTORATE.

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WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONQUESTIONS

• 3-WHAT COULD BE DONE TO INCREASE VOTER TURNOUT?
• 4-WHAT SORTS OF PEOPLE ARE OVERREPRESENTED ANOUNG
  THOSE WHO PARTICIPATE A GREAT DEAL? DOE THIS BIAS
  THE POLICIES THE GOVERNMENT WILL ADOPT? IF SO,
  WHICH ONES?