PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

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CHAPTER 2

• PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

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ORGANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS

• Main Idea for Ch. 2.1
• Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex
  ways in communities and ecosystems.
• Discussion
• Who or what do you depend
  on?

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• ECOLOGY
• _________________ is the scientific area in which
  the relationships among living organisms the
  _____________ the organisms have with their
  environments are ___________.

4

• ECOLOGY
• Scientists who study ecology are called
  __________________.
• Ecologists perform __________ in the environment
  where organisms live to find out why they die or
  live, grow in number or decrease, live in water
  or near the water, etc.
• Ecologists use ________________ so they can test
  in a lab things that are happening in the
  environment.
• Models help scientists _______________________
  the variables and study them _______ at a time.
• EX more or less water, more or less light,
  temperature changes, etc.
• Helps scientists completely understand the
  _________ taking place in the environment.

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• Discussion
• Which task would be completed by an ecologist?
• Survey and classify mollusk fossils
• Inoculate cattle against infection
• Test the effect of cyanide on algae
• Explore the medicinal uses of nectar
• What are some locations where you might find
  ecologists collecting data, and what tools might
  they use in these locations?
• What types of organisms have you ever observed or
  collected that live near your home?
• What are some interesting characteristics of
  these organisms?

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• THE BIOSPHERE
• _______________ is the portion of Earth that
  supports life.
• The prefix ______________ means
  __________________.
• EX
• Rainforest Desert
  Marine Life
• Ecologists study these _______________, their
  _________________, the factors in their
  environments.
• These factors are divided into 2 large groups.
• Living factors _____________________
• Nonliving factor - ____________________

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• BIOTIC FACTORS
• Anything ____________________ in an organisms
  environment are called ________________ factors.
• The interactions are necessary for the health of
  all species in that _______________ location.
• What are some of the biotic factors in this
  picture and how do they relate to one another.

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• ABIOTIC FACTORS
• ___________________ factors in an organisms
  environment are called _____________________factor
  s.
• Abiotic factors include
• Temperature
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
• Soil types
• Rainfall
• Nutrients

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• ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Abiotic factors needed for organisms to survive
• Organisms develop _____________________to live
  with the abiotic factors.
• If the abiotic factors ___________________
  organisms need to change or they will
  ________________.
• Argument Oxygen is the only abiotic factor that
  allows you to survive in this classroom. So, as
  long as there is enough oxygen, all of you will
  survive.

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• LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Levels of organization increase in
  _______________ as the numbers and interactions
  between organisms increase.
• Levels of organization are
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• Biological _________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________

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• Look up write in your own words a definition
  for the following levels of organization.
• ORGANISM - _____________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• POPULATION - ____________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________

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• Look up write in your own words a definition
  for the following levels of organization.
• BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY - __________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• ECOSYSTEM - _____________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________

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• Look up write in your own words a definition
  for the following levels of organization.
• BIOME - _________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• BIOSPHERE - ______________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________

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• ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS
• ___________________ of the different populations
  ____________________ if they use the resources in
  __________________________ ways.
• EX birds use different areas of the tree to
  build nests.
• __________________ is an area where an organism
  ______________________.
• EX deer covering 5 sq. miles to find food.
• __________________ is the __________ or position
  that an organism has in its _______________
  (habitat).
• EX food, shelter, and reproduction
• Discussion
• What is an example of a habitat and an
  individuals niche in that habitat?

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• COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
• Interactions in the community include
  __________________ for basic needs like food,
  shelter, mates, and how organisms depend on each
  other for __________________________.

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• COMPETITION
• ___________________ occurs when __________ than 1
  organism uses the __________________ at the
  _________________ __________________.
• The organism that out ________________ the other
  one is the one that _________________.

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• PREDATION
• _________________ is when one organism hunts and
  _______ another organism for food.
• _____________ is the organism that is
  _________________ the hunting.
• ___________ is the organism that is caught and
  ___________.
• EX mallard duck eating water bug.

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• SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
• _______________ is the close relationship that
  exists when 2 or more species ____________________
  ___________________.
• There are 3 different types of symbiosis
• ____________________________________
• Both organisms receive a _________________________
  
• EX flowers and bees
• ________________________________________________
• One organism receives a ________________ the
  other one is __________________ hurt or harmed.
• EX clownfish and sea anemones
• ____________________________________
• One organism receives the ____________________
  the other one is hurt or _____________________.
• EX Fleas, ticks, tapeworms, etc.

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• Section 2.2
• FLOW OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
• ____________________ capture energy, making it
  available for all members of a ______________
  ______________.
• The sun is the original source of ____________!

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• ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
• Organisms differ in how they obtain energy. They
  are either __________________ or
  ________________.
• AUTOTROPHS
• Autotrophs are organisms that collect energy from
  ___________________ or inorganic substances to
  produce _______________________________.
• EX plants, bacteria
• Autotrophs ________________________ all food
  chains in an ecosystem
• Autotrophs are also called _______________________
  
• Discussion What is the process by which
  autotrophs convert light energy into chemical
  energy?

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• HETEROTROPHS
• _______________________ is an organism that gets
  energy by consuming other organisms.
• Heterotrophs are also called _____________________
  _.

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• Different types of consumers
• _____________________ only eats plants, EX
  cow
• _____________________ only eat meat, EX lions
• ___________________ eat both meat plants, EX
  bears
• ____________________ - eat fragments of dead
  matter in an ecosystem and return nutrients back
  to the soil, air, and water where the nutrient
  can be recycled by other organisms. EX worms
• ___________________ (similar to detritivores)
  break down dead organisms by releasing digestive
  enzymes. EX fungi (mushrooms)

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• MODELS OF ENERGY FLOW
• Ecologists use food chains food webs to model
  the _____________ flow through an ecosystem.
• A ___________________________ is a step in a food
  chain or web.
• Autotrophs/plants make up the ______ trophic
  level in all ecosystems.
• _____________________ make up all
  __________________________ levels.

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• FOOD CHAINS
• _______________ is a simple model that show how
  energy flows through an ecosystem.
• The _____ show what direction
  the energy flows, which usually
  starts with the autotrophs
  and moves to the
  heterotrophs.

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• FOOD CHAINS
• In a food chain the energy _________
  flows in one direction, _______
  the tropic
  levels.
• Some of the energy is ________
  transferred from one trophic level
  to the next because it is
  _________ by the organism for ___________________
  _________________.

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• FOOD WEBS
• A food ________ is a model representing the many
  ______________________ food _______________ and
  pathways in which energy flows through a group of
  organisms.

http//www.goldridge08.com/foodchain.htm
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• ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the
  relative amounts of energy biomass or numbers or
  organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
• _________________ pyramid only ______ of the
  energy is transferred to the next level.
• The organism uses ______ of the energy for
  ____________________
  processes or released as __________.

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• ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
• _________________ pyramid shows the amount of
  total ________ of living matter at each trophic
  level
• Pyramid of _____________ shows the number of
  organisms at ____________ trophic level

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• SECTION 2.3
• CYCLING OF MATTER
• Essential _____________________ are
  _________________________ through biogeochemical
  processes.
• Discussion
• What would happen if matter was bound in living
  matter and never recycled?

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• CYCLES IN THE BIOSPHERE
• Energy is transformed into __________________
  forms to support life of an ecosystem.
• Constant supply needed so matter needs to be
  _____________________________.
• _______________ is anything that takes up space
  and has mass.
• __________________ is a chemical substance that
  an organism must obtain from its environment to
  sustain _______________ and to undergo life
  processes.

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• CYCLES IN THE BIOSPHERE
• _____________________________________ cycle is
  the exchange of matter through the biosphere.
• Bio means life, ________ means _____________,
  chemical
• Producers (plants) use air, soil and water to
  convert them into usable nutrients. Consumers
  eat the plants the nutrients are passed to
  them. Decomposers will return the nutrients to
  be recycled.

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• WATER CYCLE
• Water is constantly _____________________ from
  water going up into the atmosphere in the form
  of __________________________________.
• ____________ of all evaporation occurs over the
  _______________, lakes, and rivers.
• ______ evaporates from plants through a process
  called __________________________________.
• Water vapor creates ___________________ then
  _________________________________________.
• Ends up on the surface is soaked up by plants
  or remains underground. Can fall in lakes or
  streams return to ocean

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• THE WATER CYCLE - CONTINUED
• Organisms _________________ live without water.
• ____ of all water on Earth is __________. ______
  of all fresh water is either frozen in
  _______________ or _______________________________
  .

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• THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES
• All living things are composed of molecules that
  contain ___________, such as protein,
  carbohydrates and fats.
• Carbon and oxygen make up molecules essential for
  life, including _____________ and simple
  __________.
• Carbon can be ___________ for long periods of
  time as ___________ ____________ released when
  burned, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

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• THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES
• In ____________________________, plants and
  algae, will convert carbon dioxide water into
  carbohydrates oxygen for the atmosphere.
• These carbohydrates are used as a source of
  _____________ for all organisms in the food web.
• Carbon dioxide is _____________________ back into
  the atmosphere through cellular respiration. (You
  do cellular respiration)

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• Discussion
• Based on your understanding of the carbon cycle,
  predict what might happen if large areas of
  tropical rain forest continue to be cleared.
• How do you interact in the carbon cycle?

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• THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• Nitrogen is an ____________________________.
• Largest amount found in ____________________ as a
  gas.
• Cant be used by plants and animals in this form
• __________________________________occurs when
  __________________ convert the nitrogen gas to
  ______________________/nitrites/ammonia.
• Enters food web when plants ______________
  nitrogen compounds from the ________ convert
  them into protein.
• Nitrogen is often a ______________________________
  for the growth of producers.
• _______________________________ will return
  nitrogen in protein back into ammonia.

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• THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• Reverse process is called denitrification
• ___________________________ occurs when bacteria
  convert the nitrogen compounds (nitrates,
  nitrites ammonia) back into ________________
  gas returning it to the atmosphere.

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• NITROGREN CYCLE

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• THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
• Phosphorus essential for _________________________
  development of organisms.
• Short term cycle
• Soil ?producers ?consumers
• Decomposers return phosphorus to soil
• Long term cycle
• ____________ in sedimentary ______
• _____________ through weathering
  or
  ____________________________
• Phosphorus is a __________________
  ________________________
  __.