The Genetic Basis of Evolution

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The Genetic Basis of Evolution

• I. Genetic Basis
• II. Mechanism of Evolution

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I. Genetic Background

• 1.1 From Cell to Chromosomes
• 1.2 From DNA to Phenotypes
• 1.3 Transmission of Characters

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From Cell to Chromosome

• From Chromosome to DNA

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Cell

• ????????????????????????????? (organism)
  ?????????????????????? (life)
• ????????????????? ?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ?? metabolisms
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????

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Cell ?????????? 2 ???????? ??? Cytoplasm ???
Nucleus
Prokaryotic cell ???????????? ????????????
nucleus ???? bacteria
Eukaryotic ell ???????????? ??????????? nucleus
???? ????????, ???????????
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From Cell to Chromosomes
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Chromosome ????????????????????????????????
?????????

• ?????????????? DNA ???
• Chromosomal Proteins
• ???????????????? ????????
• ??????????? ???????????????? LM ?????
• ????????????? ????????????? LM
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ???????? Homologous
  Chromosomes

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?????? ??? ???????? Chromosomes
??????????????????????? ???????? Karyotype
Karyotype ??? ???????? (human male)
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Chromosome ????????????????????????? ????????
Homologous chromosome

• Cells ??????????? homologous chromosomes
• ?????????????? -Diploid
• Cells ????????? homologous chromosomes
• ????????????? - Haploid

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Life cycles ?????????????????? ????????? Haploid
????? Diploid
???
?????
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Meiosis ???????????? ??????????????????????????
???????????????? ????? Chromosomes ????
Haploid???????????? cells ?????????
Mitosis ?????????????????????????
???????????????? ????? Chromosomes ????
Diploid???????????????????????? cells
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?? Chromosome ?? ?????????????? ???????? Gene

• Gene to be born
• Gene ??? ????????????????????????????
• Gene ??? ?????????? ??? DNA

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• Gene ?????????????? ???????????? copy
• ???? ???????????????? ABO
• ????? copy ????? Allele
• Allele ??? Molecular form ??? gene
• ????? Allele ????????????? Locus
• ?? homologous chromosome
• ????? Allele ????????????????????
• ????????????? 1 individual ????? gene
• ??????? 2 alleles

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?????? ???alleles ???????? Genotype
AA - Homozygous Dominant Aa - Heterozygous aa
- Homozygous Recessive
Dominant allele ???????????? Recessive allele
????????????
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From Chromosome to DNA

• Chromosome ?????????? DNA Chromosomal Proteins

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From DNA to Phenotypes
Transmission of characters
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Phenotypes
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Phenotype ??? ?????? (characters) ???? ?
?????????????? ???????? Proteins ??????????????

• DNA ???? ???????????? ???? gene ?????????? ??????
  (phenotype) ??????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ??????
• DNA ??????????????????? (genetic information)
  ????
• ?????? Proteins ??? ???????????? ????????????
  
• ??????? Amino Acid ??? proteins

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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
????????????????? ??????? Nucleic acid ?????????
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Nucleic acids ?????????????? ?? 2 ????

• 1. Ribonucleic acid
• RNA
• 2. Deoxyribonucleic
• DNA

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Nucleic Acids

• polymers ??? Nucleotides ?????????????????? 3
  ????
• 1. Five-carbon sugar (Pentose)
• 2. Phosphate group
• 3. Nitrogen bases
• 3.1 Purine
• 3.2 Pyrimidine

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Components ??? Nucleotides
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DNA Structure
Watson-Crick Model
Complementary bases Purine Adenine ,
Guanine Pyrimidine Thymine, Cytosine
DNA ???? Double helix (double strand)
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RNA structure
Complementary bases Purine Adenine ,
Guanine Pyrimidine Uracil , Cytosine
RNA ???? Single strand
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Function of DNA

• ???????????????????????? DNA ???????????
  Phenotypes ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

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Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
Up-to-date version
Original version
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???? Flow of genetic information from DNA to
RNA to Proteins
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Central Dogma ??? DNA

• 1. Replication ?????????? Genetic information
• ???????????????????? - Template
• ???????????????????????????
• 2. Transcription ???????????????? DNA
• ?????????????????????????????????????? RNA
• 3. Translation ??????????????? RNA ??????
  ????????????? Protein ??????????????????????
• ???????? Phenotype

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Replication of DNA
DNA ???????????? 2 ?????????????????????? DNA
Template ??? ??? enzyme ???? Helicase
?????????????????????? ??????? enzyme ???? DNA
polymerase ??? nucleotides ?????????????
Semiconservative replication
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Transcription of DNA
DNA ?????????????? ?????????????????? RNA ???
enzyme ???? RNA polymerase ??? DNA 2
????????????? ?????? nucleotides ??? RNA
?????????????? RNA ??????? ??? DNA ????????????
RNA ???????????????????????????????????? protein
??? Cytoplasm ????????
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RNA ?? 3 ????

• Messenger RNA (mRNA
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

????????? RNA ??????????????????????? gene ???
Virus ???????? ???? virus ???????????? AIDS
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)?????????????????- Genetic
codes ???????????????? amino acid ?? ??????
?????????????????

• ???????????? Codon
• Codon ?????????? 3 bases
• 1 Codon ?????????? 1 Amino acid

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• 64 (43)codons
• ?????? 20 Amino
• acids ??? 3 Stop
• codons (UAA, UAG,
• ??? UGA) ???????
• ???????? proteins
• AUG ???? start codon
• ????????????????
• proteins ??????? code
• ?????? methionine

Genetic Codes
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)????????????????????????
mRNA ????? amino acids ?????????????????????????
??????? (Translation)

• tRNA ?? ?????????????? Codon ????????
  Anticodon ???? ?? base 3 ???????????????? Codon
  ?? mRNA

Codon Anticodon
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?????? protein ????????
Ribosome

• Ribosome
• ?????????????????
• ????????????? Cell
• ??????????
• 2 subunits
• Small subunit ???
• Large subunit

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Translation?????????? ????????????????? protein
RNA ???? 3 ????????? ????????????????? protein
??? mRNA ?????? codons ?????????????????? tRNA ??
amino acid ???????????????????????????
codon ??????????? codon ????????? anticodon rRNA
????????????????????
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???? ????????? Transcription Translation
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???? From DNA to Phenotype