Motivation and Emotion

1
(No Transcript)
2
Motivation
3

• The forces that act on or within an organism to
  initiate and direct behavior towards a specific
  goal
• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior

4
Instinct Theories

• Motivation is innate and due to genetic
  programming
• Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a
  species and are unlearned
• Animals display instinctive behavior patterns
  such as migration and mating behavior
• IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds
  migrating south for the winter

5
Instinct Motivation

• Examples of Instincts?
• Rivalry Submission
• Sympathy Modesty
• Fear Secretiveness
• Shyness Repulsion
• Cleanliness Jealousy
• Food-Seeking Curiosity
• Sociability Combativeness
• Parental Love Hunting
• Mating Constructiveness

6
Drive-Reduction Theory

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
  internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
• A physiological need creates an aroused tension
  state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
  satisfy the need

7
Drive-Reduction Motivation

• Homeostasis The body monitors and maintains
  relatively constant levels of internal states,
  such as body temperature, fluid levels, and
  energy supplies
• If any of these levels deviates very far from the
  optimal level, the body initiates processes to
  bring the condition back to normal

8
Drive-Reduction Motivation

• A grumbling stomach and fatigue signal hunger.
  To bring your energy state back to an optimal
  level and achieve homeostasis, your behavior is
  to eat.
• Dry mouth is a signal of water depletion. In
  order to bring water levels back to normal, you
  drink.
• Goose-bumps or shivering signals low body
  temperature. You put on a jacket to get warmer.

9
Opponent-Process TheoryArousal
Theory/Yerkes-Dodson Law

• Motivation for behaviors is based on emotions (an
  emotional homeostasis).
• Behaviors are motivated by an emotional drive or
  influenced by moods.

10
Opponent-Process Motivation

• Were sad, so we eat to feel better.
• Were lonely, so we join an online chat group or
  gaming site to feel connected.
• Were happy, so we buy a new outfit and go
  dancing.
• Were nervous, so we chew on a pen cap to reduce
  tension.

11
Incentive Theory Extrinsic Motivation

• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
  external rewards (reinforcement principal)

12
Incentive Theory Extrinsic Motivation

• Were motivated by money.
• Were motivated by fame.
• Were motivated by the attention our behaviors
  garner.
• Were motivated by gifts and goods.
• Typically with extrinsically motivated
  behaviors, when a reward no longer follows a
  behavior, the behavior stops.

13
Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by
  internal factors. Intrinsic motivation drives you
  to do things just for the fun of it, because you
  believe it is a good or right thing to do, to
  perform a particular task or personal interest,
  personal pleasure, it develops a particular
  skill, or its morally the right thing to do.
• You perform certain behaviors regardless of what
  other people think or how they react.

14
Specific Motivations

• Hunger
• Sex

15
Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?
• What psychological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?

16

• Picky Eaters
• Weight Loss and Compulsive Eating

17
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels
• Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in
  the blood and provides the major source of energy
  for body tissues.
• Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. Low
  level messages are sent to the hypothalamus.
• Orexin
• Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted
  by the hypothalamus.

18
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Leptin
• Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells. When
  it is abundant, it causes the brain to increase
  metabolism and the bodys activity levels, and
  decreases hunger. When there is too little
  leptin, it causes the brain to decrease
  metabolism, lower activity levels, and increases
  hunger.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Ghrelin
• Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an empty
  stomach. It sends an Im hungry signal to the
  brain.
• PYY
• PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an
  Im not hungry signal to the brain.

21
Hunger Physiological Factors

• Lateral Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for stimulating hunger
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for stopping eating

22
(No Transcript)
23
Hunger Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits (when we eat, what we eat, how
  much we eat, etc.) is not only controlled by
  internal signals of hunger or fullness, but also
  by external factors related to taste preferences,
  culture, media influences, convenience, moods,
  religion, etc.

24
Hunger Psychological Factors

• The Garcia Effect Simply thinking about a
  certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant
  episode will curb your desire for that food

25
Hunger Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder in which a
  normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat,
  continues to starve
• Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder
  characterized by episodes of overeating, followed
  by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

26
Sex

• What physiological factors cause us to have sex?
• What psychological factors cause us to have sex?

27

• Dirty song lyrics can prompt early teen sex

28
Sex Physiological Factors

• Hormones
• Estrogen female sex hormone
• Testosterone male sex hormone

29
The Sexual Response Cycle

• Excitement
• Plateau
• Orgasm
• Resolution

30

• Excitement
• The genital areas become engorged with blood,
  causing a mans penis to swell and a womans
  clitoris to swell, as well as opening a womans
  vagina.

31

• Plateau
• Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood
  pressure rates continue to increase. Secretions
  from the penis and clitoris may occur.

32

• Orgasm
• Further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood
  pressure, accompanied by muscle contractions all
  over the body. Males propel semen from the penis
  while a females uterus is put into a position to
  receive sperm during this stage.

33

• Resolution
• After orgasm, the body gradually returns to its
  unaroused state.
• Refractory Period a resting period after an
  orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve
  another orgasm

34
Sex Psychological Factors

• Seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material
• Imagination and Daydreams
• Cultural Influences
• Personal Morals and Beliefs
• Media Portrayals of Sex
• Religious Convictions
• Drugs and Alcohol
• Contraception

35
Motivation The Humanistic Perspective
36

• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of
  internal needs, beginning with the most basic and
  moving towards the realization of personal
  potential

37
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
38

• Once the needs at a particular level are
  satisfied, an individual is motivated to satisfy
  the needs at the next level, and then steadily
  move upwards
• The ultimate goal is self-actualization, the
  realization of a persons full potential,
  self-fulfillment, and the full use of ones
  talents and capacities

39
Physiological Needs

• the need to breathe
• the need to drink and eat
• the need to dispose of bodily waste material
• the need for sleep
• the need to regulate the bodily temperature
• the need to seek shelter
• the need to reproduce

40

• Physiological needs are the very basic needs such
  as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these
  are not satisfied we may feel sickness,
  irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. Once they are
  alleviated, we may then think about other things.

41
Safety Needs

• Security of employment
• Security of revenues and resources
• Physical Security - violence, delinquency,
  aggressions
• Moral and physiological security
• Familial security
• Security of health

42

• Safety needs have to do with establishing
  stability and consistency in a chaotic world. We
  need the security of a home and family. If we
  dont feel safe, we may be overly aggressive, too
  tentative or withdrawn, calculating and
  manipulative, or completely vulnerable and
  fearful.

43
Belongingness and Love Needs

• This involves emotionally-based relationships in
  general, such as friendship, sexual relationship,
  or having a family. Humans want to be accepted,
  and to belong to groups, whether it be clubs,
  work groups, religious groups, family, gangs,
  etc.

44

• People have a constant desire to feel needed. In
  the absence of these elements, people become
  increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social
  anxiety, depression, or become overly friendly
  and too willing to please in order to be
  accepted.

45
Esteem Needs

• The need to be respected, to self-respect and to
  respect others. Need to engage oneself in order
  to gain recognition, have an activity which gives
  value to oneself, be it in a profession or hobby.
  Imbalances at this level can result in a low
  self-esteem and inferiority complexes, or on the
  other hand an inflated sense of self and
  snobbishness.

46
Self-Actualization

• Self-actualization is the need of a human to make
  the most of their unique abilities. Maslow
  described it as follows
• Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of
  what is already in the organism, or more
  accurately, of what the organism is.
• A musician must make music, the artist must
  paint, a poet must write, if he is to be
  ultimately at peace with himself.

47
Carl Rogers Humanistic Perspective

• In your attempt to achieve self-actualization,
  there are three factors important to allowing
  your true personality to come through. Your
  motivations must be

48
Genuine

• In order for a personality to grow to its full
  potential, people need to open with their
  feelings, drop their facades, be transparent with
  their innermost desires, and hide nothing

49
Accepting (Unconditional Positive Regard)

• Having an attitude of grace, value, self-worth,
  and being completely accepting of other people

50
Empathy

• The need to share and listen to others with true
  understanding

51
Emotion
52
How do we experience emotions?
53
James-Lange Theory

• When presented with stimulus, our body reacts
  first. We cry, we laugh, our heart races, our
  breathing becomes shallow, we hug, we run away,
  etc. After the body reacts, we feel an emotion
  based on what behaviors we exhibited.
• I see a bear. My heart is racing and I am
  running away. Those behaviors mean I am afraid.

54
(No Transcript)
55
Cannon-Bard Theory

• When a stimulating event happens, we feel
  emotions and physiological changes (such as
  muscular tension, sweating, etc.) at the same
  time. There is a simultaneous arousal and
  emotion.
• I see a bear. I feel afraid as my heart races and
  I run away.

56
(No Transcript)
57
Schachters Two-Factor Theory

• After the initial stimulus is presented, our body
  begins to react immediately. But before we
  experience an emotion, we first evaluate the
  stimulus and the context it is presented in to
  determine which emotion is correct.

58

• My heart is pounding and my palms are sweaty. If
  the stimulus is a bear, I feel fear and run away.
  If the stimulus is another runner in a race, I
  feel competitive and run faster. If the stimulus
  is a test, I feel nervous and ask for a pass. If
  the stimulus is my date leaning in for a kiss, I
  feel excited and pucker up.

59
(No Transcript)
60

• What kinds of emotions can we feel?

61

• Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions
• Joy
• Interest-Excitement
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Anger
• Disgust
• Contempt
• Fear
• Shame
• Guilt

62
Two-Dimensional Model

• Any and all emotions can be measured as
  positive, or negative (a value measure of
  pleasantness or unpleasantness), and again as
  either low arousal, or high arousal (the
  intensity)
• Positive may be joy, high arousal is ecstatic,
  low arousal is relaxed
• Negative may be fear, high arousal is terrified,
  low arousal is nervous

63
Two Dimensions of Emotion
64
Facial Expressions - Paul Ekman

• Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally
  determined. They are universal across human
  cultures and thus biological in origin.
  Expressions he found to be universal included
  those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy,
  sadness, and surprise.

65
SAD
HAPPY
ANGRY
66

• Universal Body Language
• The Signs of Flirting?