The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

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TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)
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Civil War In France (1562-1598)
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The Valois FamilyThe Beginning of the End

• Henri II was the last powerful Valois
• Three weak sons followed
• Francis II
• Charles IX
• Henri III
• Catherine de Medici controlled the sons
• Was mother to the boys
• Played both sides in the civil war (Politique)
• Developed a reputation for cruelty

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Catherine de Medici
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Francis II His Wife, Mary Stuart
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The French Civil War

• There were two sides
• Guise family led Catholics in North
• Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
• Fighting for the royal inheritance
• Catherine supported the Guises in the first
  phase.
• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
• August 24, 1572
• 20,000 Huguenots were killed
• Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

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St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
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The French Civil War

• Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
• Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League
  becomes Henry IV of France.
• Effects of Civil War
• France was left divided by religion
• Royal power had weakened
• Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeague
ProtestantUnion
CIVILWAR
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Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris Peter
Paul Reubens
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Henry IV of France

• Ended Spanish interference in France
• Converted to Catholicism
• Did this to compromise and make peace
• Paris is worth a mass.
• This was an example of politique the interest of
  the state comes first before any religious
  considerations
• Fighting for the royal inheritance
• Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598
• Granted religious rights to Huguenots
• Did not grant religious freedom for all

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Imperial Spain and Philip II

• (r. 1556-1598)

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Kagans Four Pillars of Spanish Power

1. New World Riches
2. Incredible wealth from gold and silver mines BUT
   Spain never entirely free of debt
3. Increased Population
4. Gap between rich and poor grew immensely Spanish
   peasantry most heavily taxed in all of Europe
5. Efficient Bureaucracy Military
6. Lesser nobility efficient, loyal bureaucratic
   machine
7. Supremacy in the Mediterranean
8. Battle of Lepanto, 1571 1/3 of Turkish fleet
   sunk or captured
9. 1580 Philip inherits Portugal Spanish army
   dominates resistance

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el Escorial
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el Escorial
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• Revolt in the Netherlands 1568-1648 (a.k.a. The
  Eighty Years War)

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Habsburg History

• Charles V (1515-1556)
• Born in Ghent, Belgium in 1500 inherits Low
  Countries 1515
• Seen as one of their own
• Philip II inherits 1556 but he is SPANISH! and
  CATHOLIC! therefore resented
• Calvinism strong in Netherlands
• Philip great defender of Catholic faith -
  tries to root out Calvinism by force (Spanish
  Inquisition Spanish troops)

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Dutch Revolt

• Philip makes his sister Margaret, regent
  Cardinal Granvelle, head councilor
• But Calvinists angry and attack Antwerp
  churches, libraries, statues, altars destroyed
• William of Orange (the Silent) Count of
  Egmont
• (German but has estates in Netherlands)
  organizes Calvinist province leaders against
  Spanish war at sea (Dutch, Danes, Scots
  English)
• William changes religion three times for
  political reasons to resist oppressive Spanish
  rule in the Netherlands Catholic
  ?Lutheran?Calvinist Puritan

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Duke of Alba

• U6.2 6
• Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba, who was
  appointed captain-general of the Netherlands

The Duke of Alba presiding over the Council of
Troubles
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• Calvinist Dutch privateers, known the Sea
  Beggars, assault the port of Brill in April 1572
  during the Netherlands revolt against Spanish
  domination. The Sea Beggars, who used their
  shallow draft boats to effectively control
  important waterways, were a significant factor in
  the success of the Dutch Revolt.
• "Dutch Revolt." Image. Hulton Archive. World
  History The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12
  Sept. 2010. lthttp//worldhistory.abc-clio.com/gt

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Spanish Fury -

• What was the Spanish Fury, Nov. 4, 1576?
• What was the Pacification of Ghent, Nov. 8, 1576?
  To what other treaty can it be compared?
• Jan. 1577 Union of Brussels 2 yrs. Unified
  Netherlands!
• What was the Perpetual Edict?
• Was the Dutch Revolt over?

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Unity broken

• Alex Farnese, Duke of Parma (Margarets son) to
  break unity in 1579
• William of Orange and friends hold 7 northern
  provinces establish the Union of Utrecht, deny
  Spanish control
• Southern provinces form Catholic union, Union of
  Arras, and accept Spanish control
• Dec. 1580 the Apology (U2.6 11)
• Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581)
• French duke of Alençon (deposed in 1583)
• July 1584, William of Orange assassinated
• Maurice aided by England and France

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Fall of Philip II in the Netherlands

• How did Philip II undermine his own ability to
  re-take the Netherlands in the 1580s?
• Elizabeth I, Queen of England dilemma
• either help Protestants thereby antagonizing
  Philip
• or not help, but Spain might invade England if
  they gain Netherlands
• so she helps the Dutch secretly then openly and
  in 1588 she defeats the Spanish Armada in the
  English Channel

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The Netherlands . . . after the revolt

• 1609 revolt ends Union of Utrecht becomes
  United Provinces (aka Dutch Republic) but do
  not gain independence from Spain until 1648 with
  the Treaty of Westphalia (end of 30 Years War)

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The Spanish Hapsburgs Europe (1556)
Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end
of the 16c.
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The Spanish NetherlandsUnion of Utrecht, 1579
The United Provinces still recognized Spanish
rule, but, in 1581, they declared their
independence.
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The Netherlands (1609)
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The Dutch Federation
REGENTS - provincial level - held
virtually all the power - strong advocates of
local independence
STADHOLDER - States General
representative from each province - responsible
for defense and order
STATES GENERAL - federal
assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had
to be referred to the local Estates
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England (1553-1603)

• The Reign of Mary I and Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth II welcomes Pope Benedict XVI to
Scotland, Sept. 16, 2010 BBC
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Queen Mary I, r.1553-1558

• Born 1513, ½ sister of Edward and devout
  Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon U2.7
  1, 2
• 1554 married Philip II of Spain
• Distrust made Catholicism more unpopular
• 300 heretics were burned at the stake, public
  mass executions (i.e. Thomas Cranmer, John
  Hooper)
• U7.3 3 - How did being in exile actually make
  this group more radical?
• 1558 Mary dies of stomach cancer
• England actually more Protestant than in 1553

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Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
Queen Mary I (r.1553-1558)
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Queen Elizabeth I, (r. 1558-1603)

• Born 1533, legitimate child?? Act of
  Succession, 1534 (but Edward rescinds this act)
• imprisoned by Bloody Mary on charges of
  conspiracy
• sexually abused by Catherine Parrs 4th husband,
  Lord Thomas Seymour (also her uncle by marriage)
• 1558 ascends the throne

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Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559-1603 U2.7
4 5

• Re-establishes Church of England (Anglican
  Church) w/ aid of Sir William Cecil 1559
  reaffirms the Act of Supremacy (original AoS,
  1534)
• Act of Uniformity, 1559 Book of Common Prayer
  (Edward VI)
• broad, ambiguous dogmas that accommodated many
  believers
• all required to belong BUT those who refused
  Puritans (English Calvinists) Catholics are
  mildly tolerated (ignored) as long as they didnt
  threaten unity of her rule
• 1563 ThirtyNine Articles moderate
  Protestantism official religion within the
  Church of England

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• From left to right are as follows Philip and
  Mary with War, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Elizabeth I
  with Peace and Plenty

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Catholic Protestant Extremists

• English nobles in Ireland adopt 39-Articles BUT
• native Irish remain Catholic - view the Church of
  Ireland as political tool of ruling English class
• Catholic extremists supported by Spain and France
• U2.7 6
• Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists
  also a problem U2.7 7

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Deterioration of Relations with Spain U2.7 8

• 1567, Spain troops under Duke of Alba occupy
  Netherlands is England the next target?
• 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth
• Sea Beggars take Brill in the Netherlands
• 1571 Spain defeat Turks in Battle of Lepanto
  English enter defense pact w/ France
• 1570s state-sanctioned piracy against Spanish
  begins
• 1585, Treaty of Nonsuch English soldiers and
  cavalry sent to Netherlands

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Mary,Queen of Scots (Stuart) U2.7 9
Elizabeth I (Tudor)
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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

• Queen of Scotland, Catholic heir to English
  throne after Elizabeth
• 1568, forced to flee by John Knoxs Calvinists
  (Presbyterians)
• also possibly involved with death/murder of first
  husband, Lord Darnley
• believed to be involved in several plots to take
  throne from Elizabeth
• 1571 Ridolfi Plot
• 1582 Duke of Guise Plot
• 1583 Throckmorton Plot
• 1586 Babington Plot
• Feb. 18, 1587 beheaded after 19 years internment

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• Spanish Fleet led by Duke of Medina-Sidonia -
  25,000 Spanish sailors, 130 ships, 123,790
  cannonballs
• English fleet led by Sir Francis Drake - 197
  ships smaller, more agile (U2.710)

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• The Spanish Plan to reach the Netherlands and
  pick up the Duke of Parmas men get them across
  to England for war!
• Problems Winds vs. them takes 3 wks to reach
  N. Spain, then
• July 30 1st battle then English follow the
  Armada up the Channel
• August 6 Calais but Duke of Parma isnt ready
  
• Armada low on water, food, ammunition English
  are preparing an attack to prevent the rendezvous
  of the Armada and the Dukes army

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• August 7 English attack with fireships set
  some of the larger Spanish galleys on fire
• By 4pm on Aug 8
• Spanish face defeat so escape to North Sea ---
  lose numerous ships to wind run aground on
  cliffs of Ireland --- tragedy!!!
• By Aug 12 Duke of Medina-Sidonia capitulates
• 15,000-20,000 Spaniards dead ½ of the navy
• Between 1/3 and ½ of Spanish ships destroyed
• The invincible armada católica is defeated!
• England new European naval super power

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TheThirty Years War (1618-1648)
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1618-1648
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Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

• The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
• At the beginning ? it was the Catholics vs. the
  Protestants.
• At the end ? it was Habsburg power that was
  threatened.
• Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

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The Bohemian Phase 1618-1622

• Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
• The Bohemians hated him.
• Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
• Defenestration of Prague ?May, 1618
• Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

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The Bohemian Phase 1618-1622

• Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
• Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.
• Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
• The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

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Bohemian Phase
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The Danish Phase 1625-1629

• Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
• Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman
  Empire.
• Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for
  the army.
• Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
• Edict of Restitution (1629)
• Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
• Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of
  their religious and political rights.
• German princes feared Ferdinand ? he fired
  Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

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Danish Phase
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AlbrechtvonWallenstein
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The Swedish Phase 1630-1635

• France Sweden now get involved.
• Both want to stop Habsburg power.
• Sweden led the charge.
• France provided support.
• Catholic Cardinal Richelieu is supporting
  German Protestants over German Catholics
• Why? Richelieu cared more about breaking the
  Habsburg encirclement of France than unifying
  Christianity under the Catholic Church. Richelieu
  is a Politique!!!
• Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
• Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
• Swedish advance was stopped.
• German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
• Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

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Swedish Phase
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GustavusAdolphus
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The French Phase 1635-1648

• France Sweden switched roles. Richelieu and
  France go from supporting the Protestant cause
  financially to actively sending troops to fight
  the Catholic League
• All countries in Europe now participated.
• This phase was most destructive!
• German towns decimated.
• Agriculture collapsed ? famine resulted.
• 8 million dead ? 1/3 of the population from 21
  million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648
• Caused massive inflation.
• Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

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Loss of German Lives in 30 Years War
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• Political Provisions
• Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
  control by the HR Emperor.
• The United Provinces Dutch Neths. became
  officially independent ? so. part remained a
  Spanish possession (Belgium today).
• Fr. recovered. most of the German-speaking
  province of Alsace.
• Sweden ? got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic
  Black Sea coasts.
• Switzerland became totally independent of the HR
  Emperor ? Swiss Confederation.
• Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
• Brandenburg got important territories on No. Sea
  in central Germany.

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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• Religious Provisions
• Calvinists would have the same privileges as the
  Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
• The ruler of each state could determine its
  official religion, BUT except in the hereditary
  lands of the Habsburgs, he must permit freedom
  of private worship.

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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
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1688-1700
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Nobody Was Happy!

• Many Protestants felt betrayed.
• The pope denounced it.
• Only merit ? it ended the fighting in a war that
  became intolerable!
• For the next few centuries, this war was blamed
  for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

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What were the long-range effects of the Thirty
Years War?