Theme: Sentence Structure

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LECTURE 12

• Theme Sentence Structure

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Plan

• 1. Word order
• 2. Simple sentences and complex sentences

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• You may have noticed one thing already unlike
  English, theres no fixed word order in
  Ukrainian.

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Speaking about weather

• In Ukrainian when speaking about weather we use
• adverbs, which form adverbial sentences
• ???????? ?????. (It is warm today.) ????? ????
  ???????. (It was cold yesterday.) ?????? ????
  ??????. (It will be hot tomorrow.)

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Speaking about weather

• In Ukrainian when speaking about weather we use
• nouns, which form noun sentences
• ???????? ?????! (There is wind today/It is
  windy!) ????? ?? ???? ?????. (There was no sun
  yesterday./It was not sunny.) ?????? ???? ?????.
  (There will be frost tomorrow/It will be
  frosty.)

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Speaking about weather

• In Ukrainian when speaking about weather we use
• verbs denoting natural phenomena ???????(t? get
  light), ???????? (to get dark), ?????????????
  (to become cloudy) which are used in the 3d
  person singular neuter with no pronoun

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Speaking about weather

• In Ukrainian when speaking about weather we use
• ?????? ?????? ???????. (It gets dark early in
  winter.) ??? ???????. (It (has) got dark.) ??????
  ???? ??????. (It gets light early in summer.)

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???? ??????? ?????? ?????
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????

• ?? ?????????? ???? ???????????
• 1 ??????, ? ???????????? 28 (29) ??????. ????
  ?????? ??? ??????
• ???????
• ??????
• ?????

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?????? ????????, ????? ????? ???????
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????? ???????? ??????? ???????
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?????

• ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? 1 ???????,
  ?????? ????? 31 ??????.
• ??? ?????? ?????
• ????????
• ???????
• ???????

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????? ????? ?????? ? ?????, ? ????????
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???? ??????? ?????? ???????
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????

• ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? -
• 1 ??????. ???????????? ???? 31 ??????. ?????
  ??????
• ???????
• ??????
• ???????

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? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??? ?? ????? ???????
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????? ???????? ??????? ????????
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?????

• ??????????? ??????? ????? 1 ???????.
  ?????????? ????? 30 ?????????.
• ?????? ??????
• ????????
• ???????
• ????????

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????? ??????, ? ????? ??????
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The Adverbial Participle

• In Ukrainian there are two forms of the adverbial
  participle the Imperfect Adverbial Participle
  and the Perfect Adverbial Participle.

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The Imperfect Adverbial Participle

• The Imperfect Adverbial Participle is formed by
  adding the participial
• ending -?? to the stem of the verb in the 3d
  person plural of the Present tense
• ?????? (to read) ???? ????-??? (they read) -
  ?????-?? (reading) ??? (to go) - ???? ??-???
  (they are going/go) - ???-?? (going) ?????? (to
  do) - ???? ????-??? (they are doing/do) -
  ?????-?? (doing)

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The use of the Imperfect Adverbial Participle

• The Adverbial Participle of imperfect aspect
  denotes an action which coincides in time with
  another action and has time or cause relations
  with it ????????, ???? ??????? ??????. (????
  ???? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????) - When
  working she was listening to music. (When she was
  working she was listening to music.) - time
  relation of simultaneous actions ?????? ????????,
  ???? ?????? ?????. (???? ?? ???? ???? ???????,
  ???? ?????? ?????.) - Being tired she felt
  sleepy. (Because she was tired she felt sleepy.)
  - cause relation

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The Perfect Adverbial Participle

• is formed by adding the participial ending -?? to
  the stem of the verb in the 3d person singular
  masculine of the Past Perfect
• ????????? (to have read) - ??? ???????? (he
  read/has read) - ?????????? (having read)
• ???? (to have left/gone) - ??? ????? (he has
  left/left) - ??????? (having left)
• ??????? (to have done) - ??? ?????? (he has done)
  - ???????? (having done)

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The use of the Perfect Adverbial Participle

• The Perfect Adverbial Participle denotes an
  action which precedes another action and has time
  or cause relations with it
• ????????????, ???? ??????? ??????. (????? ???? ??
  ???? ???????????, ???? ??????? ??????) - Having
  worked for some time, she was listening to music.
  (After she had worked for some time, she was
  listening to music.) - time relation of sequence

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The use of the Perfect Adverbial Participle

• ??????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ?????.
  (???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ??
  ????? ?????.) - Having drunk a (cup of) coffee
  late in the evening, she was unable to fall
  asleep. (Because she had drunk a (cup of) coffee
  late in the evening, she was unable to fall
  asleep.) - cause relation
• Note 1
• Reflexive verbs used as adverbial participles
  change the reflexive particle ?? to ??
  ???????? - ???? ????????? - ????????? ??????????
  - ??? ????????? - ???????????.
• Note 2
• Clauses with adverbial participles are typical of
  written style, in speech adverbial subordinate
  clauses prevail.

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• In grammar terms, here you have an independent
  clause (I know) and another part of the sentence
  that is integrally connected to it -- a dependent
  clause. There are conjunctions that connect
  dependent and independent clauses in sentences

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• That ?? ? ????, ?? ????????
  ?????.I know that theres a meeting today.
• Because ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????,
  ???? ?? (??) ??? ????????.Mykola wont come
  because he fell ill.
• When ???? ? ???????????, ????
  ???????? ??????.Ill call when I find out more.
• where (place) ?? ??? ?? ????,
  ?? ?? ?????????????.He doesnt know where we
  meet.
• where (direction) ???? ?? ?????
  ?????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????.It is shown on
  the map where we have to go.

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• ????? ?? ?????!