Network Data

1
Network Data

• Collection and Measurement

2
What do we mean by structure?

• A theory is no better than the theoretical terms
  it employs, for these concepts provide the
  insights that the theory systematizes.
• A systematic theory of social structure cannot be
  developed without first clarifying the concepts
  describing social structure and translating them
  in to precise term.

3
???????

• ????????????????

4
???????
??????
???
??
5
???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• (1) ???(Actors)(?????nodes)
• -??????????
• ???????????????
• (A) ???????(Attributes)
• A??? (???????????)
• (B) ??(Resources)
• A???????????(?????????)

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• (C)?????????????--A????A????????? (Whom does A
  connect to? What kind of resources does A has
  access to?)A????????
• ???Degree ?????????????
• ????In-degree?????????????
• ????Out-degree????????????
• ?????Range (diversity)???????????
• ???Closeness???????????(??????)
• ???Betweeness
• ???Centrality
• ??Prestige

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• (2) ??????(Ties)(???????ties)
• ???????????????????????
• (a) ?????(Type of relationship)
• ??????????????????
• (b) ?????(Strength of ties)
• ????? (emotional closeness)--??????????
• (c) ?? (frequency)
• --??????????????????
• (d) ???? (physical proximity)
• --?????????????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• (2) ??????(Ties)
• (e) ????(indirect links)
• ??????????????????
• (f) ??????(stability)
• ??????
• (g) ?????? (Multiplicity)
• --???????????????
• (h) ?????? (direction, symmetry/reciprocity)
• ?A?B???,????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• (i) ?????(Nature of relationship)
• ??(evaluation)
• ????????
• ?????????(resource transfer and exchange)
• ??(transaction)--????
• ????(resource dependence)--?????
• ??????????Transfer of non-material resources
• ???????(information flow)--??????????
• ????(formal?role, formal relation and control)
• --????
• ???????(social interaction)
• ?????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• ?????(Nature of relationship)
• ????
• ????(??????????)
• ???????(movement)
• ????????????
• ?????????(association and affiliation)
• ?????????????
• ?????Kinship

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• ????(Structural Configuration)
• Q ??????????????
• ????size
• ?????inclusiveness ???(??????)???
• ?????Component???????????(subset)
• ???connectivity (reachability)?????????????(?????
  ??????)
• ???connectedness????????????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• ????(Structural Configuration)
• (f) density????
• (g) centralization???
• (h)????symmetry????????????
• (i)???transitivity ???????????????????????????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• ????(Structural Configuration)
• Principles for defining social boundaries
• ??????(Cohesion)--?????????
• ????????????(Structure Equivalence)??????????
• An actors power and freedom to act
• ??????(Prominence)???????
• ???????(Range)?????????
• ????(Brokerage)???????

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???????? (Three Components of Networks)

• Variables about actor composition variable
• Variables about ties and configuration
  structural variables

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Modes?????

• Modes ?????????(number of distinct kinds of
  social entities in the network)
• One-mode network
• ??????????
• Two-mode network
• ??????????????
• Multi-modal
• ??????,??????????
• ????????(??????)

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Unit of analysis
Micro

• Actor
• People
• Dyad
• Triad
• Subgroups
• Organizations
• Collectives/aggregates
• Communities
• Nation-states

??
??
??
??
?????????,?????????????????????
Macro/aggregates
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Dyad???

• ????????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????????(duopoly)
• ???????????(reciprocal)
• ????(asymmetrical)?
• ????????????????????????

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Triad???
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
Triad 1
Triad 2
Triad 3
Triad 4
Triad 5
A2
A2
32 generic competitive triads
A1
A1
A3
A3
Triad 7
Triad 6
???????????????????
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Balance theory
A2
Transitivity ??A1??A2,A2??A3,A1?????A3?
A1
A3
Balance ??A1?A2?????,????A3???????,??A1?A2????,??
??A3????????
A2
A1
A3
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Subgroups and groups

• ???????????????????

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???????

• ??????????????????????????,??????????????????????
  ????(interdependence)?
• ??????????????
• Q ?????????????????
• ??????
• ????

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?????????Boundary specification and sampling

• ??????
• ???????????????????,???????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• Sampling issue
• Full-network
• Snowball sample
• Ego-centered network

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Boundary specification and sampling

• ?????????
• ??????????????
• ?????????
• ????????????
• ????????
• ?????????
• ?????????????(???)
• ????????????
• ??????????????????????????????

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Boundary specification and sampling

• Laumann, Marsden, Prensky (1989)??????
• (1) Realistic approach
• ?????????????????(actor),?????????,????????????
• ???????????????????
• ??????????????????
• (2) Nominalist approach
• ??????????????,??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????

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????????

• ???????????????????
• Snowball sampling
• ?Business elites, deviant sub-culture
• First-order zone, second-order zone
• ???????????????????
• Ego-centered network ?????????????????????(??????
  ???????????????)

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?????????

• ??(questionnaire)
• ?? (interviews)
• ?? (observations)
• ?????? (archival records)
• ?? (experiments)

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Ego-centered network???

• 1985 GSS (Burt, 1984, 1985)
• Name generator
• From time to time, most people discuss important
  matters with other people. Looking back over the
  past six months, who are the people with whom you
  discussed matters important to you?

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Ego-centered network???

• 1985 GSS (Burt, 1984, 1985)
• Alter related questions
• Please think about the relations between the
  people you just mentioned. Some of them may be
  total strangers, in the sense that they would not
  recognize each other if they bumped into each
  other on the street. Others might be especially
  close, as close as each other as they are to you.
  First think about Alt 1 and Alt 2. Are these
  people total strangers?

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Ego-centered network???

• ????????????1997

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Ego-centered network???
31
(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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??????

• ???????!???????,???????
• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ??????????,?????????????(?????????????????)?????(
  ??email????????)??????
• 0 ??????
• 1 ??????????
• 2 ???????
• 3 ???????

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??????

• ??????????,????????????????,??????????????????,??
  ????????,?????????????
• 0 ????
• 1 ????
• 2 ???
• 3 ????
• ???????????????????????????????????,??????,??????
  ? (???????,??????????)
• 0 ?????
• 1 ???????
• 2 ????
• 3 ????

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??????

• ??????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????
  ,????????,???????,??!

37
??????

• ?????????
• ????(roster)????? (free recall)
• ?????(free choice)???????(fixed choice)
• ??(ratings)?????(complete rankings)

38
??
roster
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Free recall
40
??

• ?????(free choice)???????(fixed choice)

??????,??????????????????????????
41
??
Ratings??
42
Complete ranking????
????????,???????????,????(???)?????(????)
43
???

• Freeman??????????????????
• ??54?,??????,??????
• ??????????????
• ???????????,??????????????????
• ?????????????????(affiliation),?????????opening
  ?????

44
??????

• ??????????????
• ??????????????????
• ??(?????),????
• ???????????????(patent citations)
• ??
• ????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????

45
??????
Source Borgatti????
46
??????

• ????????(Enron Email Dataset)
• http//www-2.cs.cmu.edu/enron/
• ??150?????????,?400MB????????

47
???

• ???????????
• ???????
• Small-world experiment?????

48
?????????

• Informant Accuracy???
• ??????????????????????????????????
• Bernard???????????????,???????????????????????????
  ???????
• Freeman????Bernard???,???????????????????????????(
  long-range social structure)??????????????????????
  ?

49
?????????

• Validity??
• ??????????????????????
• ???????????????????????
• A different but related questions
• Cognitive social structure
• ???XXX?????????
• ????????????????????

50
?????????

• Reliability??
• ????????,??????????
• ??????(Test-retest reliability)
• ????????????????????
• ??????????(format)??????????
• ????????????????????????
• Reciprocity of sociometric choice
• ??????????????